Romanization Challenge Thread v2.0

[Nortaneous]

Qoa

/p: p b t: t d ʈ: ʈ ɖ c: c ɟ k: g q: q/
/f: f v θ: θ ð s: s z ʂ: ʂ ʐ ç: ç j x: x ɣ h: h/
/m: m n: n ɳ: ɳ ŋ: ŋ/
/l: l ɭ: ɭ r: r/
/ea a oa e ø o i y u/ + nasality
stress is contrastive

toˈq:a mo ˈbzeagum ɳɖã ŋgiˈgorrøm jea c:oaχoˈɟoaq: st:eŋ:
t:eŋ: mo kyˈnear: ŋgiˈðã hø̃n kiˈɭo kiˈmøduŋ toˈq:a

[bradrn]

Qoa:

(I’ll list the phonemes in a slightly different order than Nortaneous does to help elucidate this romanizaion)

/pː tː ʈː cː kː qː/ ⟨pp tt ṭṭ cc kk qq⟩
/p t ʈ c q/ ⟨p t ṭ c q⟩
/b d ɖ ɟ g/ ⟨b d ḍ j g⟩
/fː θː sː ʂː çː xː hː/ ⟨ff thh ss ṣṣ chh khh hh⟩
/f θ s ʂ ç x h/ ⟨f th s ṣ ch kh h⟩
/v ð z ʐ j ɣ/ ⟨v dh z ẓ y gh⟩
/mː nː ɳː ŋː/ ⟨mm nn ṇṇ nng⟩
/m n ɳ ŋ/ ⟨m n ṇ ng⟩
/lː ɭː rː/ ⟨ll ḷḷ rr⟩
/l ɭ r/ ⟨l ḷ r⟩
/ea a oa e ø o i y u/ ⟨ea a oa e ö o i ü u⟩
/ẽã ã õã ẽ ø̃ õ ĩ ỹ ũ/ ⟨ęą ą ǫą ę ǫ̈ ǫ į ų̈ ų⟩

Apostrophes are used for disambiguation
e.g. nng = /ŋː/, nʼng = /nŋ/, nnʼg = /nːg/

Stress is marked with an acute accent on the following vowel, except when it is one of ⟨öüǫ̈ų̈⟩.
The stressed forms of those vowels are ⟨őűǫ̋ų̋⟩, with a double acute accent.

Sample text:

/toˈq:a mo ˈbzeagum ɳɖã ŋgiˈgorrøm jea c:oaχoˈɟoaq: st:eŋ:
t:eŋ: mo kyˈnear: ŋgiˈðã hø̃n kiˈɭo kiˈmøduŋ toˈq:a/

(I assume the lines are separate sentences?)

Toqqá mo bzéagum ṇḍą nggigórröm yea ccoakhojóaqq sttenng.
Ttenng mo künéarr nggidhą́ hǫ̈n kiḷó kimődung toqqá.

[mèþru]

Qoa

<pp p b tt t d ṭṭ ṭ ḍ ťť ť ď kk g qq q
ff f v þþ þ ð ss s z ṣṣ ṣ ẓ šš š j xx x r̀ hh h
mm m nn n ṇṇ ṇ ŋŋ ŋ
ll l ḷḷ ḷ rr r>
<ea a oa e ö o i y u> + tilde for nasalisation
stress is indicated by an acute accent on vowels in words with more than one syllable. An appostrophe distinguishes a doubled consonant from a long consonant.

Toqqá mo bzeágum ṇḍã ŋgigór'röm jea ťťoaχoďoáqq stteŋŋ,
Tteŋŋ mo kyneárr ŋgiðã́ hṏn kiḷó kimṏduŋ toqqá

[Karch]

/p: p b t: t d ʈ: ʈ ɖ c: c ɟ k: k g q: q/ <pp p b tt t d rtt rt rd ttj tj dj kk k g qq q>
/f: f v θ: θ ð s: s z ʂ: ʂ ʐ ç: ç j x: x ɣ h: h/ <ff f v tth th dh ss s z rss rs rz ssj sj y xx x c hh h>
/m: m n: n ɳ: ɳ ŋ: ŋ/ <mm m nn n rnn rn nng ng>
/l: l ɭ: ɭ r: r/ <ll l rll rl rr r>
/ea a oa e ø o i y u/ <ea a oa e ö o i ü u>
+ nasality <a̱>
stress is contrastive <á ô û>

toˈq:a mo ˈbzeagum ɳɖã ŋgiˈgorrøm jea c:oaχoˈɟoaq: st:eŋ:
t:eŋ: mo kyˈnear: ŋgiˈðã hø̃n kiˈɭo kiˈmøduŋ toˈq:a
Toqqá mo bzéagum rnda̱ nggigórröm yea ttjoaxodjóaqq sttenng.
Ttenng mo künéarr nggidhá̱ hö̱n kirló kimôdung toqqá.

or /c c: ɟ ç: ç/ <cc c j çç ç>:
Toqqá mo bzéagum rnda̱ nggigórröm yea ccoaxojóaqq sttenng.
Ttenng mo künéarr nggidhá̱ hö̱n kirló kimôdung toqqá.

[Xwtek]

Qoa:
/p: p b t: t d ʈ: ʈ ɖ c: c ɟ k: k g q: q/ <pp p b tt t d rtt rt rd cc c j kk k g qq q>
/f: f v θ: θ ð s: s z ʂ: ʂ ʐ ç: ç j x: x ɣ h: h/ <ff f v tth th dh ss s z rss rs rz cch ch y xx x w hh h>
/m: m n: n ɳ: ɳ ŋ: ŋ/ <mm m nn n rnn rn nng ng>
/l: l ɭ: ɭ r: r/ <ll l rll rl rr r>
/ea a oa e ø o i y u/ <ea a oa e oi o i ui u>

Nasality is written by -nh.
stress is contrastive, but not written.

toˈq:a mo ˈbzeagum ɳɖã ŋgiˈgorrøm jea c:oaχoˈɟoaq: st:eŋ:
t:eŋ: mo kyˈnear: ŋgiˈðã hø̃n kiˈɭo kiˈmøduŋ toˈq:a
toqqa mo bzeagum rndanh nggigorroim yea ccoaxojoaqq sttenng
ttenng mo kuinearr nggidhanh hoinhn kirlo kimoidung toqqa

[bradrn]

This one’s an unnamed protolanguage I’ve been working on. (If you have to give it a name in a response, call it ‘bradrn’s unnamed protolang’ or something — I don’t mind, as long as I can tell which language it is.) I have my own romanization already but would be interested to see what other people come up with!

Consonants:
/m n/
/p b t d k g ʔ/
/t͡s d͡z/
/s z x ɣ/
/w ɹ l j/

Vowels:
/a æ e i o u ɯ/

Stress:
None. (At least, not contrastively.)

Phonotactics:
(C)V(C) syllables. Vowel junctures (i.e. VV next to each other) are forbidden.

Morphophonology:
If a vowel juncture VV is formed through morphology, /ʔ/ is added between them.
If a consonant is added to make an illegal syllable, /æ/ is added next to it.

Sample sentences:
This is a bit tricky; the language is still at a fairly primitive stage, so I don’t have much material to use. However, if you don’t mind a bit of word repetition, here are some sentences from the grammar:

(I’ve included both the surface representation and the underlying morphemes in case anyone wants to use it)

/ʔew næt͡sek elʔe itnækaʔesi/
//ʔew n-t͡sek el-ʔe it-n-ka-ʔe-si//
(//n-// is a prefix here, so /æ/ gets added after it, not before.)

/amasʔexaʔɯs ʔewjem siwjem na ansɯ t͡sekjem en/
//amas-ʔe-xa-ɯs ʔew-jem siw-jem na ansɯ t͡sek-jem en//

/nækalaxaʔɯs/
//n-ka-la-xa-ɯs//

/kaʔexa maʔ ansɯ gu t͡sæɣɯs/
//ka-ʔe-xa maʔ ansɯ gu t͡sæɣ-ɯs//

-------

If anyone’s interested, here’s the romanization I’m currently using:

More: show

/m n/ ⟨m n⟩
/p b t d k g ʔ/ ⟨p b t d k g q⟩
/t͡s d͡z/ ⟨c j⟩
/s z x ɣ/ ⟨s z x h⟩
/w ɹ l j/ ⟨w r l y⟩

/a æ e i o u ɯ/ ⟨a ä e i o u ü⟩

If a phoneme is inserted via morphophonological processes, it is replaced by a hyphen.
So //it-n-ka-ʔe-si//, realised as /itnækaʔesi/, is ⟨itn-kaqesi⟩.

Sample sentences:

Qew n-cek elqe itn-kaqesi.
Amasqexa-üs qewyem siwyem na ansü cekyem en.
N-kalaxa-üs.
Kaqexa maq ansü gu cähüs.

But if you’re thinking of responding, please attempt your own romanization before looking at it! I’m interested in new attempts, not minor variations on my own.

[Xwtek]

/m n/ <m n>
/p b t d k g ʔ/ <p b t d k g '>
/t͡s d͡z/ <ts dz>
/s z x ɣ/ <s z h j>
/w ɹ l j/ <w r l y>

Vowels:
/a æ e i o u ɯ/ <a e i y o w u>

/æ/ appears to be the most unmarked vowel here, while /i/ and /u/ is pretty rare, so it wouldn't hurt if I coalesce /i/ and /u/ with /j/ and /w/.
Glottal stop is unwritten word initially, and between vowel letter except if one of them is <y> or <w>

/ʔew næt͡sek elʔe itnækaʔesi/ <iw netsik il'i ytnekaisy>
/amasʔexaʔɯs ʔewjem siwjem na ansɯ t͡sekjem en/ <amas'ihaus iwyim sywyim na ansu tsikyim in>
/nækalaxaʔɯs/ <nekalahaus>
/kaʔexa maʔ ansɯ gu t͡sæɣɯs/<kaiha ma' ansu gw tsejus>

[Xwtek]

t k kʷ ʔ
b~m~w~w̃ d~n~r~r̃
tʰ kʰ kʰʷ
kʼ kʼʷ
ts tɬ tʃ
tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ
s ɬ ʃ x xʷ h~ħ
z ʒ~j
ɣ~ʕ
l w

i ɨ ø o ɛ a + length
ɛi ie œy aɯ ɯʌ ɔu

All vowel can occur as nasal. When nasal vowel occurs before voiceless stop, an homorganic nasal is inserted.

There is also two tone for each mora (final consonant doesn't count as separate mora, unlike Japanese), plus a downstep between two high-pitched morae.

Intervocallically b becomes w and d becomes r. Word finally, h retracts into ħ. Intervocallically ɣ weakens into ʕ. /b/ and /d/ also nasalizes next to nasal vowel

The syllable structure is (C)CVC where the allowed final consonant is /b t d k ts tɬ tʃ s ɬ ʃ x ʔ ħ/. The allowed first consonant in cluster is /t k s ʃ x/. Cluster consisting of velar consonants only are not allowed. So does for /t/+affricate and two stop of the same place of articulation. /stʃ/ and /ʃts/ cluster is also not allowed.

Medial cluster assimilate in voicing.

Example text:

/aktãã́b aʃdœ̃ỹ́dó ʃíet sɛ̃k | táħ aʃníkʷɯ́akso aktãã́b ‖ atsʼɛɬ sẽĩdi/
[aktãã́m aʒdœ̃ỹ́r̃ø̃́ ʃíet sɛ̃ŋk | táħ aʒníkʷɯ́́́akso aktãã́m ‖ atsʼɛɬ sẽĩr̃ĩ]

The sample text is provisional though and it doesn't have any meaning.

[mèþru]

bradrn's lang
<m n
p b t d k g ɂ
ts dz
s z x h
v r l j>
<ɂ> is omitted between vowels when epenthetic

<a á e i o u ɨ>

ɂev nátsek elɂe itnákaɂesi
amasɂexaɨs ɂevjem sivjem na ansɨ tsekjem en
nákalaxaɨs
kaɂexa maɂ ansɨ gu tsáhɨs

agefaqeg-style
<m n
p b t d k g
ts dz
s z kh gh
w r l r̀>
/w/ is <u> as the end of a diphthong

<a è e i o u ɨ>

eu nètsek ele itnèkaesi
amasekhaɨs eujem sivrem na ansɨ tsekrem en
nèkalakhaɨs
kaekha ma ansɨ gu tsèghɨs

[bradrn]

Akangka’s language

I’m going to try a more phonemic representation inspired by Salishan orthographies:

/t k kʷ ʔ/ ⟨d g gʷ ʔ⟩
/b~m~w~w̃ d~n~r~r̃/ ⟨b d⟩
/tʰ kʰ kʰʷ/ ⟨t k kʷ⟩
/kʼ kʼʷ/ ⟨k̓ k̓ʷ⟩
/ts tɬ tʃ/ ⟨c ƛ č⟩
/tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ/ ⟨c̓ ƛ̓ č̓⟩
/s ɬ ʃ x xʷ h~ħ/ ⟨s ł š x xʷ h⟩
/z ʒ~j/ ⟨z ž⟩
/ɣ~ʕ/ ⟨y⟩
/l w/ ⟨l w⟩

/i ɨ o ɛ a/ ⟨i ɨ o e a⟩
/ɛi ie œy aɯ ɯʌ ɔu/ ⟨ei ie oi au ua ou⟩

Length is shown by repeating the appropriate vowel.
Nasalisation is via the ogonek: ⟨į ɨ̨ ǫ ę ą ęį įę ǫį ąų ųą ǫų⟩ are all nasalised.
Tone: high tone is an acute accent, downstep is not shown.

Phonetic processes are not shown, so e.g. [b~m~w~w̃] is always ⟨b⟩.

Example text:
/aktãã́b aʃdœ̃ỹ́dó ʃíet sẽk | táh aʃníkʷɯ́akso aktãã́b ‖ atsʼɛɬ sẽĩdi/
[aktãã́m aʒdœ̃ỹ́r̃ø̃́ ʃíet sẽŋk | táh aʒníkʷɯ́́́akso aktãã́m ‖ atsʼɛɬ sẽĩr̃ĩ]
⟨Aktąą́b ašdǫįdó šíet sęk | táh ašníkʷúakso aktąą́m. ‖ ac̓eł sęįdi⟩

Medial cluster assimilate in voicing. and

Is this a typo?

Also, you wrote that /táh/ is [táh] in the sample text. Shouldn’t it be [táħ]?

--------

I also have a few questions/comments about Akangka’s romanization of my own language:

Sakha:

That’s an interesting name — how did you come up with it? I know there’s a Sakha language spoken in SIberia, but its phonology is quite different to my own language.

/a æ e i o u ɯ/ <a e i y o w u>

Interesting choice to use ⟨e i⟩ for ⟨æ e⟩. I personally think it’s confusing, but it certainly works very well here.

/æ/ appears to be the most unmarked vowel here

Correct! I’m impressed you noticed that, especially since I never explicitly specified this.

while /i/ and /u/ is pretty rare

That does look correct as well… but as I said, the language is still at a fairly primitive stage, so that could change.

/t͡sekjem/ <tsekyem>

Shouldn’t this be <tsikyim>?

[Xwtek]

/i ɨ o ɛ a/ ⟨i ɨ o e a⟩

/ø/ is phonemic.

Medial cluster assimilate in voicing. and

Is this a typo?

Also, you wrote that /táh/ is [táh] in the sample text. Shouldn’t it be [táħ]?

Yup, fixed. Also the /e/ is typo except for /ie/ part. I'm also not sure about making the diphthong /ie/ or /iɛ/.

Sakha:

That’s an interesting name — how did you come up with it? I know there’s a Sakha language spoken in SIberia, but its phonology is quite different to my own language.

Literally pulled out of my ***That's actually my conlang. I forgot name my conlang and when I edit it, I edit it in wrong places.

/t͡sekjem/ <tsekyem>

Shouldn’t this be <tsikyim>?

Whoops, fixed.

[Knit Tie]

More of my Suraic shenanigans! An updated version of one of my earlier lanɡs, to be exact, one that combines my early experiments with nasalisation with my later phonological meanderings.

m n̪ n
p b t̪ d̪ t d k g~ŋ
f s ʃ x
w l ɾ j~ɲ

u o ɑ æ e i ɨ

All vowels can be long and/or nasalised, but long and all but two of the nasalised vowels are only ever found in closed syllables or interconsonantally (is that even a word?), i.e. CVC of any sort. Word-finally, only two nasalised vowels exist, /ũ/ and /æ̃/, and no lonɡ vowels. /ɨ/ is, phonetically, anythinɡ from [ɪ] to [ɘ] to [ɯ] to [ɤ] in free variation, as lonɡ as it's not fronted and unrounded.

Syllable structure is (C)V(C), vowel sequences are allowed, but are very infrequent. Voiced consonants are not found word-initially, voiceless ones are not found word-finally. /s/ is only ever found intervocalically in the native (i.e. not loaned from Arabic) vocabulary, which makes /ʃ/ the less-marked sibilant in the language. /x/ is mostly found intervocalically in the native lexicon. /l/ is only ever found in Arabic loans, and some dialects persistently vocalise it to /j/ or /i/ even there. [ŋ] and [ɲ] are allophones of /ɡ/ and /j/ before nasal vowels. Speaking of them, the nasality in this language allophonically spreads to adjacent vowels through liquids and semivowels, which makes /j/ become /ɲ/ even if it's preceded by a nasal vowel. Importantly, the language distinguishes between not only nasal vowels and VN sequences, but also between those two and ṼN sequences, with VN sequences being the most rare and marked ones out of the three.

/xɑide ʃuɾɑjeʃe, miɾẽwæt̪ewod, næjmæʃ isɨɾeʃe fɑjɾɑ ũndawod/

[Xwtek]

/m n̪ n/ <m nh n>
/p b t̪ d̪ t d k g~ŋ/ <p b th dh t d k g>
/f s ʃ x/ <f sh s h> (Watch out, the value of <s> and <sh> is flipped compared to English)
/w l ɾ j~ɲ/ (w l r y)

/u o ɑ æ e i ɨ/ <u o a ae e i iu> + nasalizing tilde

<'> separates letter that otherwise forms diphthongs.

Assuming /s/ were dental here, as in other Suraic languages.

/xɑide ʃuɾɑjeʃe, miɾẽwæt̪ewod, næjmæʃ isɨɾeʃe fɑjɾɑ ũndawod/
<haide surayese mirẽwaethewod naeymaes ishiurese fayra ũndawod>

[Nortaneous]

m n̪ n <m nh n/nn>, but <bm dn tn> after oral vowels
p b t̪ d̪ t d k g~ŋ <p/pp p d/dd d t/tt t k/kk k>
f s ʃ x <f ss s g>
w l ɾ j~ɲ <b ll l i~j>

u o ɑ æ e i ɨ <ou o â a e i u>
length <h>
nasality <n>

/xɑide ʃuɾɑjeʃe, miɾẽwæt̪ewod, næjmæʃ isɨɾeʃe fɑjɾɑ ũndawod/
Haïte soulâjese, milenbaddebot, naibmas issulese fâilâ ounntâbot.

Qoa

/p: p b t: t d ʈ: ʈ ɖ c: c ɟ k: g q: q/ <pp p b tt t d ṭṭ ṭ ḍ cc c j kk k g qq q>
/f: f v θ: θ ð s: s z ʂ: ʂ ʐ ç: ç j x: x ɣ h: h/ <ff f v θθ θ δ ss s z ṣṣ ṣ ẓ śś ś y xx x γ hh h>
/m: m n: n ɳ: ɳ ŋ: ŋ/ <mm m nn n ṇṇ ṇ ŋŋ ŋ>
/l: l ɭ: ɭ r: r/ <ll l ḷḷ ḷ rr r>
/ea a oa e ø o i y u/ <ä a å e ö o i ü u>
nasality <ṃ>
stress is contrastive (unmarked if word-final long consonant + final stress or word-final short consonant / vowel + penultimate stress, otherwise acute)
homorganic N + voiced P written as doubled P

toˈq:a mo ˈbzeagum ɳɖã ŋgiˈgorrøm jea c:oaχoˈɟoaq: st:eŋ:
t:eŋ: mo kyˈnear: ŋgiˈðã hø̃n kiˈɭo kiˈmøduŋ toˈq:a
Toqqá mo bzägum ḍḍą ggigorröm yä ccåxojåqq stteŋŋ.
Tteŋŋ mo künärr ggiδą́ hǫ̈ kiḷó kimöduŋ toqqá.

[Karch]

here's a big post like i used to make back in the day

t k kʷ ʔ <d g gw '>
b~m~w~w̃ d~n~r~r̃ <b~m~w d~n~r>
tʰ kʰ kʰʷ <t k kw>
kʼ kʼʷ <q qw>
ts tɬ tʃ <ts tl c>
tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ <ts̱ tḻ c̱>
s ɬ ʃ x xʷ h~ħ <s ḻ sh x xw h>
z ʒ~j <z y>
ɣ~ʕ <'>
l w <l w>

i ɨ ø o ɛ a <i u ö o e a> + length <VV> + nasalization <V̨> (but omitted in the environment of nasal consonants)
ɛi ie œy aɯ ɯʌ ɔu <ei ie öi au ua ou>
/á à/ <á a> <ô ö>

/aktãã́b aʃdœ̃ỹ́dó ʃíet sɛ̃k | táħ aʃníkʷɯ́akso aktãã́b ‖ atsʼɛɬ sẽĩdi/
[aktãã́m aʒdœ̃ỹ́r̃ø̃́ ʃíet sẽŋk | táh aʒníkʷɯ́́́akso aktãã́m ‖ atsʼɛɬ sẽĩr̃ĩ]
Aktaám ashdôudô shíet sęk, táh ashníkwuakso aktaám. Ats̱eḻ seini.

----

m n̪ n <m nh n>
p b t̪ d̪ t d k g~ŋ <p b th dh t d k g>
f s ʃ x <f ss s h>
w l ɾ j~ɲ <w l r i>

u o ɑ æ e i ɨ <u o a à e i ù>, but Vi sequences are spelled <Vì>
+ length <VV>
+ nasalisation <V́>, /æ̃ ɨ̃/ <â û>, but /æ̃/ is spelled <á> word-finally

/xɑide ʃuɾɑjeʃe, miɾẽwæt̪ewod, næjmæʃ isɨɾeʃe fɑjɾɑ ũndawod/
Haìde suraiese, miréwàthewod, nàimàs isùrese faira úndawod.

----

/m n/ <m n>
/p b t d k g ʔ/ <p b t d k g>
/t͡s d͡z/ <c j>
/s z x ɣ/ <s z x h>
/w ɹ l j/ <w r l y>

/a æ e i o u ɯ/ <a ạ e i o ụ u>
Vʔ sequences are marked with an acute accent, ʔV sequences with a grave accent. Intervocalically, the glottal stop is left unwritten.

/ʔew næt͡sek elʔe itnækaʔesi/
/amasʔexaʔɯs ʔewjem siwjem na ansɯ t͡sekjem en/
/nækalaxaʔɯs/
/kaʔexa maʔ ansɯ gu t͡sæɣɯs/
Èw nạtsek elè itnạkaesi.
Amasèxaus èwyem siwyem na ansu cekyem en.
Nạkalaxaus.
Kaexa má ansu gụ cạhus.

[Karch]

Qoa, A New Approach To:

/p: p b t: t d ʈ: ʈ ɖ c: c ɟ k: k g q: q/ <p p b t t d th th dh c c j k k g q q>
/f: f v θ: θ ð s: s z ʂ: ʂ ʐ ç: ç j x: x ɣ h: h/ <f f v ṭ ṭ ḍ s s z sh sh zh yh yh y x x gh h h>
/m: m n: n ɳ: ɳ ŋ: ŋ/ <m m n n nh nh ng ng>, but /ŋg/ <nk>
/l: l ɭ: ɭ r: r/ <l l lh lh r r>
/ea a oa e ø o i y u/ <ea a oa e oi o i ui u>
+ nasality <Vn>, /Vn/ <Vnn> (unless followed by a vowel), /Ṽn/ <Vñ>
stress is contrastive, marked with an acute accent over the vowel - unless it's on the second syllable.
If a vowel's followed by a geminate consonant, it's marked with a grave accent. If it's stressed and followed by a geminate consonant, it's marked with a circumflex accent. Word-initial geminate consonants are marked with an apostrophe after them.

toˈq:a mo ˈbzeagum ɳɖã ŋgiˈgorrøm jea c:oaχoˈɟoaq: st:eŋ:
t:eŋ: mo kyˈnear: ŋgiˈðã hø̃n kiˈɭo kiˈmøduŋ toˈq:a
Tòqa mo bzéagum ndhan nkigorroim yea c'oaxojôaq st'èng.
T'èng mo kuinèar nkiḍan hoiñ kilho kimoidung tòqa.

[bradrn]

Here’s something I was playing around with:

Consonants:
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ/
/p t c k/
/ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ/
/f s x/
/v z ɣ/
/l j/

Vowels:
/i ɯ u/
/e ɤ o/
/ɛ ʌ ɔ/
/a ɑ/
Diphthongs: /iə uə aɯ/

Monophthongs can occur both short and long.

Tones:
In words which do not end in a stop, there are five tones: ˧ ˥ ˨˩ ˥˨ ˦˥ ˦˥˦.
In words which end in a stop, there are only two tones: ˥ ˩.

Phonotactics:
Syllable structure is (C)V(m,n,ɲ,ŋ,p,t,c,k).
However, long vowels and diphthongs do not occur in syllables which end in a stop.

Sample sentences:
/ɲɛː˦˥˦ ŋo˧ ʌ˧ ɠa͡ɯp˥ ɣɑc˥/
/lɯ˧ cʰɑ˥ɣeː˦˥˦ tʰi˥tʰik˩ ɑm˥˨ ŋo˧/
/voŋ˦˥ ɑm˥˨ tʰi͡əɲ˨˩ ʌ˧ jeːm˥ saː˦˥lɯp˩/

[mèþru]

Māohoŋ
[ˈmɑː.ɔ.ɦɔŋ]
/p t k
m n ŋ
ɸ s h
t͡s
ʍ w j
l/
/iː uː i̞ ʉ̞ eː oː ɛ ɔ æ̈ ɑː/

Stress is contrastive.
Syllable structure is (C)V(ŋ)
/ŋ/ assimilates to the next consonant.
/ʍ/ only occurs word-initially.
/ɸ s/ merge into /h/ intervocalically
/p t k h/ are voiced intervocallicaly; /t͡s/ is not.
Doubled short vowels merge into a long vowel. A short vowel followed by a long vowel of the same quality, vice versa or two long vowels of the same quality are separated by an epenthetic /h/. Vowels of different qualities can follow each other in hiatus.
/ŋ/ cannot be followed by /w j h l/.
No geminate or doubled consonants.

See here for an example from zompist's gen

More: show

<p t k
m n ŋ
f s h
ts
w v j
l
ī ū i u ē ō e o a ā

agefaqeg-style

More: show

<p t k
m n ŋ
f s h
ts
wh w r
l
ii u i ù e ou è o a ò

[mèþru]

agefaqeg-style version of text

[Xwtek]

Maaohon
[ˈmɑː.ɔ.ɦɔn]
/p t k/ <p t k>
/m n ŋ/ <m n g>
/ɸ s h/ <f s h>
/t͡s/ <z>
/ʍ w j/ <x w y>
/l/ <l>
/iː uː i̞ ʉ̞ eː oː ɛ ɔ æ̈ ɑː/ <ii uu i u ee oo e o a aa>

Stress is contrastive, but not written
On the other hand, the assimilation of /ŋ/ is written.
/ɸ s/ is written as <h> intervocalically.
Voicing of the consonant is not written.
The epenthetic <h> is also written