Passol : sample text with commentary

Conworlds and conlangs
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Ares Land
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Passol : sample text with commentary

Post by Ares Land »

Space settlements
Ka ser jousim: 'Aje waon pojaro espol ka arolan he kef o rai.'
"And they said: 'Come, let us build ourselves a city, with a tower that reaches to the heavens.'''

In the early 22nd century, Earth was more or less united in an uneasy coalition of authoritarian governments.
The idea of O'Neill colonies -- space stations capable of holding an entire ecosphere and a population in the ten of thousands, or even in the millions, for the larger concepts -- had been around for more than a century. The idea now seemed feasible: there had been some small scale experiments in orbital manufacturing and asteroid mining.

As difficult as it is, the idea of O'Neill colonies is probably one of the easiest, most sound concepts for space setllement. Colonies could be built close to Earth, and it was less expensive than handling the harsh conditions of Mars, or the Moon. The idea attracted, again the interest of governments, industrialists, religious groups, and people eager to find a way out of increasingly oppressive conditions on Earth.

Of course, that sort of project, utopian, with no concrete hope of return of investment tended to attract utopian-minded people. Would-be colonists were nicknamed "Solarists", a little derisively, for their over-entuthiastic talk of settling the solar system, or possibly for solar power as a solution to energy crisis.

A constructed language for a constructed place.
Aye waon ma eidia jou tai amfuo majadeba waon o erterraes.
"Let us make a name for ourselves, lest we be dispersed over the face of the whole earth."

Among Solarists, the commonplace view was that their proposed society should leave behind the evils of terrestrial societies. It was, to be honest, not entirely clear what those evils were supposed to be: the movement included libertarians, socialists, religious people of various faiths, cultists, atheists, entrepreneurs looking for a profit and political dissidents. Various schemes were proposed for governance, most of them unworkable.
It was at this point that an anonymous Solarist, known as the Audimahan released Dimah he-Passol -- 'a language for Solarists'.
The idea, the author argued, was to build a future society with no ties with extant cultures, in particular Western civilization; a new language would provide a new cultural background, free of prejudice, more suited to a new life in the void. Needless to say, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was mentioned.

Native speakers
Eu, tarkel sah ka simah sah.
"Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language."

When the first habitats were actually built, learning Passol was an eccentricity - but it does take a fair dose of eccentricity to go live in a tin can surrounded by void and hard radiation. While the working language aboard the first colony were English, Russian or Mandarin, a few of the settlers knew enough Passol to use it as an interlanguage, and some of the children born there were raised bilingual in Passol. Speakers soon began to enrich the language : it helped that the Audimahan provided means for anyone to create new words, even new roots as needed, and likewise to expand the syntax as needed.
Several factors helped the language gain traction:
  • Politics, within the habitat. English was de facto the lingua franca, a fact that came to be resented by Russian, Chinese or Latin American settlers. Passol was one of the ways to sidestep the language question.
  • Politics, with respect to Earth. Tensions soon rised between the settlers and their sponsors (government and private companies) back on Earth. Life in the early habitats was hard; surviving required nonstop harsh work in dangerous conditions. Tensions built high between the settlers and Mission Control, which generally made life harder, always demanding more experiments, increased production in the factories. The birth of the first children did not help matters one bit. Increasing hostility towards Earth led to revolt, and a strong sense of 'us', versus 'them' and in this conflict speaking even a few words of broken Passol was a way to reinforce group solidarity.
  • Specialized vocabulary. Passol provided vocabulary suitable for life in space in ways Terrestrial language did not, distinguishing, for instance, lillos ('to fall under artificial gravity') from shilos ('to fall under gravity'), or providing short words for complex notions, such as lau ('Coriolis effect') or hushek ('to avoid unwanted precession effects')
  • The idea of building a space-borne utopian society, free from Terrestrial evils might have seemed laughable on Earth. After a few years living cooped up in a tiny structure in space, the utopian outlook was one way to stay sane. Outlandish claims were made about Passol: it was said that it eliminated hate speech, or promoted clear thinking. (Claims that the Audimahan him/herself never made such claims about the language he created, though she/he) did make use of unusual features).
When larger habitats, capable of hosting millions were being build Passol had gained enough traction to be taught to all newcomers. It was, by the mid-23rd century, the main language of around eight million Solarist settlers. It has drifted from the Audimahan's initial design, and indeed, in many ways it behaves as a reflexification of English. But more on that later: in the next post, we'll have a look at the language itself.
Last edited by Ares Land on Wed Jun 26, 2019 11:43 am, edited 2 times in total.
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Re: Passol : a metafictional conlang.

Post by Pedant »

An interesting concept indeed! But one has to ask: is the language completely a priori? If so, how did Audimahan convince anyone to learn it beyond pushing it as a mere curiousity? Did the language not change as it passed from station to station through the mouths of only a few speakers?
Looking forward to more!
My name means either "person who trumpets minor points of learning" or "maker of words." That fact that it means the latter in Sindarin is a demonstration of the former. Beware.
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Ares Land
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Re: Passol : a metafictional conlang.

Post by Ares Land »

Passol is mostly a priori, but it does use some of the Greek or Latin roots in the International Scientific Vocabulary, and some commonly-borrowed words. On the whole, as you can see from the small samples above, the Passol lexicon isn't particularly transparent, but you'd recognize derma or chokolat.

The initial motivations were mostly idealistic, as with any proposed auxlang. It had some advantages over other auxlangs: it only required a few hundreds of speakers to be immediately useful, and it was designed for a situation that required a lingua franca, where simply using English could cause political issues and where automated translation wasn't sufficient.
The kind of people who would learn Passol was over-represented aboard space habitats, which was enough to give some traction, although the process of language adoption still took time. Using Passol as an official language remained a minority opinion for quite some time. (*)

The language did change. On the whole it became a lot closer to English than initially designed. Settlements have quite specific dialects. It seems that the Audimahan anticipated this: parts of the language were clearly left unspecified, for later speakers to elaborate on.

(*) As an aside, I learned recently that there are Valyrian courses on Duolingo. So there's a lot more interest in learning conlangs that I would have anticipated.
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Re: Passol : a metafictional conlang.

Post by Pedant »

Ars Lande wrote: Fri May 31, 2019 6:14 pm (*) As an aside, I learned recently that there are Valyrian courses on Duolingo. So there's a lot more interest in learning conlangs that I would have anticipated.
Been using that one myself for years...not much progress yet, but still, years. Now if only they'd do Quenya as well...
My name means either "person who trumpets minor points of learning" or "maker of words." That fact that it means the latter in Sindarin is a demonstration of the former. Beware.
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Re: Passol : a metafictional conlang.

Post by Ares Land »

Sound inventory

The Passol phonemic inventory was designed to be as unremarkable as possible. The 5-vowel system requires little comment. It has 21 consonants (the median number of consonants for languages documented in WALS): the 21 most used consonants, cross-linguistically.

Consonants
Labial Dental Post-Alveolar Velar Glottal
Plosives p b /p/ /b/t d /t/ /d/ k g /k/ /g/' /ʔ/
Affricates c /ts/ch /tʃ/
Fricatives f /f/s /s/sh /ʃ/ h /h/
Nasals [/cell]m /m/n /n/nh /ɲ/ng /ŋ/
Liquids l r /l/ /ɾ/
Semivowels w /w/ j /j/
Vowels
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e o
Low a
Interestingly, there's no language in PHOIBLE with that particular inventory, although Tagalog comes pretty close.

Additional,Passol has neither phonemic stress nor tone.

Syllable structure

Passol words can be monosyllabic, for the most commonly used ones, but they're typically compounds of two monosyllabic root morphemes:
paʔ + sol > passol, tram + lish > tranlish. They can, alternatively be borrowed: derma, Luna, galaksi

The phonotactics of Passol are as a consequence, designed to provide a fairly large number of possible syllables, and to allow borrowings.

Onset
Syllables must begin with a consonant; there are no vowel-initial syllables. Syllable-initial glottal stops are left unwritten: arke [ʔaɾke]
Other possible onsets:
  • Any consonant, except /j/, /w/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/ and /ʔ/, followed by /j/ or /w/.
  • Any stop (excluding /ʔ/), or any fricative (excluding /h/), followed by /ɾ/ or /l/
  • /s/ + /m/, /p/, /t/, /k/
Nucleus
Any vowel, or one of /a/, /e/, /o/ followed by /j/ or /w/

Coda
The coda is optional. A syllable may end with:
  • A nasal
  • A fricative
  • A liquid: /l/, /ɾ/
  • /ts/, /tʃ/, /t/ or /ʔ/
Assimilation rules

The following assimilation rules apply:
  • Nasals match the place of articulation of the following consonant: /en/ + /kal/ > /eŋkal/, /am/ + /si/ > /an.si/, /in/ + /ʃa/ > /iɲ.ʃa/, /in/ + /ma/ > /imma/
  • Fricatives (except /h/) are lost before another fricative, but the next consonant is geminated: /s/ + /f/ > /f.f/, /s/ + /ʃ/ > /ʃ.ʃ/
  • /h/ is always lost before or after another fricative, and the remaining consonant is doubled: /h/ + /t/ > /t.t/, /s/ + /h/ > /s.s/
  • A stop assimilates to the following stop : /p/ + /t/ > /t.t/, /k/ + /p/ > /p.p/
  • Glottal stops are lost, and the remaining consonant is doubled: /pat/ + /ʔa/ > /pat.ta/, /paʔ/ + /mol/ > /pam.mol/
External sandhi
Assimilation rules do not apply accross word boundaries: /pas he sol/, not */pas se sol/
However, an epenthetic /e/ is added word finally to break up three-consonant clusters : /pas krina/ > /pa.se krina/

Stress
Stress occurs consistently on the penultimate syllable.

Allophony
I don't know much yet. It'll have to wait until I figure out dialects.

A few notes on romanization
The romanization schemes is fairly straightforward; there are, though, a few caveats:
  • /j/ /w/ are written j, w word-initially and intervocally, i, u elsewhere: Jana /jana/, tai /taj/, wa /wa/, mua /mwa/, maja /maja/
  • The glottal stop is not written word-intially: arke /ʔaɾke/, and medially only before i, u : mai /maj/, ma'i /ma.ʔi/
  • /ɲ/, /ŋ/ are written n before a palatal / a velar. enkal /eŋkal/
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Re: Passol : a metafictional conlang.

Post by Ares Land »

Upwards above the onstreaming it mooned

Now we're getting to the interesting part which is, also, the part where I'm completely out of my depth. So, let me apologize first for being a little unclear, using improper terminology and generally abusing linguistics. (I'll probably be guilty of all three when I'm done.)

Passol makes no lexical distinction between noun, verbs or adjectives, or indeed between function words and content words. Additionally, it has no bound morphemes, only free ones: any morpheme can function as an independant word.
It's still useful to talk about nouns, verbs, noun phrases or verb phrases - but any word can occupy, say, the verb slot.

Let's work through a few examples.

Nouns as verbs.

Consider the following sentence (a slight misquotation from Borges): '

(1) basar orai awa en luna
basar orai awa en luna
upwards over water PASTmoon

Upwards, above the onstreaming, it mooned.

That is, luna, moon occupies the verb slot, as is made clear by word order (Passol is SVO) and its position after the auxiliary verb 'en'.
A better translation would be, perhaps, 'The rising above the onstreaming mooned', or perhaps 'The rising thing above the onstreaming was the moon'. Though, perhaps an even better translation would be, simply: 'The moon rose over the water'.
For that matter:
(2) luna orai awa en basar
basar orai awa en luna
moon over water PAST-rise

The moon rose over the water.
is just as grammatical.

That's not to say that (1) and (2) are equivalent. In fact, (1) is more likely to be used than (2). (1) is more marked; by using luna has a verb, it marks 'the moon' as focus (that is, new, unexpected information) and topicalizes basar, rises by fronting it.
Though there are no hard-cut division between noun and verbs, there is a continuum between more 'verb-like' words, such as basar and
'noun-like' lexemes, such as luna.

Placing noun-like lexemes in the verb slots also serves as an existential construction:
(3) o saharke en ho-sim
o saharke en ho-sim
in beginning PAST HON-speak

In the beginning was the Word.

(4) yi nha esburger
yi nha es-burger
this CESS place-burger

This used to be a burger place

It can also be used much like zero-derivation in English:

Sar milshe'i polon
sha milshe'-i polon
they milkshake-PERF politician

with the precise meaning of 'milkshake' used as a transitive verb being clear from recent use of milkshake wrt. far-right politicians.

Adpositions

Let's cover adpositions, to end the post on an easier note. Passol prepositions/case markers

ba towards doubles as the verb 'to go'.
ne, marks the dative, and also means 'to give, to offer'.
ey, vocative also means 'to call'.
Looking at (2) again:
(2) luna orai awa en basar
basar orai awa en luna
moon over water PAST-rise

The moon rose over the water.

The preposition orai can be used as a verb, 'to be over':
(2)' luna orai awa
The moon is over the water.

Incidentally this means that analysing (2) as a serial verb construction is a perfectly valid analysis:
(2) luna orai awa en basar
basar orai awa en luna
moon over water PAST-rise


basar orai awa en luna
S V1 O1 V2

moon is.over water rises
S V1 O1 V2


OK, that's enough for today! More on this later.
Ares Land
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Re: Passol : a metafictional conlang.

Post by Ares Land »

Adverbs, adjectives and related concepts

Adjectives are best analysed as verbs:

(6) lam chet
lam chet
blue house

A blue house / the house is blue.
(7) patoi su
pato-i su
sick-PRF you

You've been sick.

A few things to note:
  • adjectives precede the noun/pronoun they modify: su and chet are the patients of the verb/adjectives lam and pato
  • there's no distinction between attributive and predicative construction.
Adverbs
Adverbs typically precede verbs:

(8) jein mar dendro
jein mar dendro
very big tree
.
Once again there's no lexical class of adverbs: adverb-like can be used in noun or verb slots:

(9) enlam jein
en-lam jein
PAST-blue very

Everything was very blue / Many things were blue

Conjunctions

"Conjunction" is a slight misnomer... Passol "conjunctions" fail most standard tests for conjunctions. Again, let's have a look at a few examples:

(8)solam chet da malun de
solam chet da malun de
FUT-blue house if paint it

The house shall be blue if someone paints it.

da, in the example above actually occupies the verb slot:

solam chet da malun de
(V1 Pat) V (V2 Pat2)


It can be modified with adverbials:
(8')solam chet jein da malun de
solam chet jein da malun de
FUT-blue house very if paint it

The house shall be blue if someone paints it, with no exceptions

or TAM markers:
(8'')solam chet jein edaa malun de
solam chet jein e-da-a malun de
FUT-blue house PAST-if-REMOTE paint it

In those days, if you wanted a blue house someone had to paint it.

They can take any argument, not just VP:

(9)No naw la ne su da di solar
No naw la ne su da di solar
I offer that for you if two solar

I'll give you that for two solars

TAM markers

We've seen a few TAM markers so far in the examples: i, perfective; en past tense, so remote past, etc.
We'll discuss usage later on -- for now, I'll just mention that these can function as independant lexemes in their own right:

(10)No i
wo i
I finish

I'm done.

(11)No am arwe en
no am arwe en
I not care past

I don't care about what happened before.

Pronouns

Again, Passol allows pronouns to be placed in the verb slot and to take TAM markers:

(12)La nhin nhano
la nhin nha-no
that person CES-me

That person was me.
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Re: Passol : a metafictional conlang.

Post by Ares Land »

The Passol Lexicon

Vocabulary is IMO the hardest part of language creation; and quite possibly the hardest part of language learning as well.

Passol goes one step further than the usual claim of being culture-independant: it's actually supposed to help build an entirely new culture from scratch. Given that design philosophy, having a completely a priori lexicon would make most sense... But a complete absence of cognates does add a barrier to language learning.

The International Scientific Vocabulary - or classical compounds

How about scientific or medical vocabulary? Is it reasonable to create a word for 'kidney', another for 'stone' and another for 'study' while nephrolith is recognizable by any nephrologist? Especially since Passol-speaking nephrologist would need to learn the Greek-derived forms anyway?

The Audimahan adopted the following compromise: generating a priori vocabulary and borrowing from the ISV.
So Passol has, for instance, dim, say, speak (a priori) and nefrologi, nefrolit

Passol actually borrows roots, not whole compounds.
So we have:
  • nefro, kidney
  • logi, field of study, specialist
  • arke, ancient
  • demo, people
  • krat, rule
  • dattul, finger
  • tel, communication at a distance
  • kefal, head
Usually those borrowings go back to the Greek root, with the stem vowel added either to match Passol phonotactics: nefro, dorsa or to keep the cognates recognizable : so we have demo, not *dem so that 'people rule' is the immediately recognizable demokrat
The meaning derives from the ISV compounds, not Ancient Greek though.

Those borrowed roots can definitely be used as independant words. In the process of borrowing nephrology, Passol gained a word for kidney and likewise we can say:

o arke pol demo an ekratai
o arke pol demo an ekratai
in ancient states people not PAST-rule-habit

In ancient states, the people seldom ruled.

an is an interesting case on both counts; it does derive from the Greek a- privative suffix, with the nasal used systematically to limit its ambiguity. So 'atheist' is anteos.

Plant and animal names

Plant and animal names are generally taken from scientific taxonomy: felis, cat rosa, rose, inset, insect, awis, bird.

Sino-Xenic vocabulary

But why restrict ourselves to Western sources of translingual vocabulary? In that respect, Chinese has been just as influential. The chief obstacle here is that cognates aren't always as immediately recognizable, especially when you're not using Hanzi.
Here Passol takes the somehow unusual approach of borrowing not from Mandarin, but from the Middle Chinese etymon.

Going through a few examples:
  • den, electricity, cf. Mandarin diàn , Koreon jeon-, Japanese den-, Vietnamese điện
  • zundiong, respect, see Mandarin zūnzhòng, Japanese sonchō, Vietnamese tôn trọng, Korean jonjung
  • nhin, person, see Mandarin rén, Japanese ningen, Korean in, Vietnamese nhân
  • guo', country, Jap. koku, Mandarin guó, Korean guk, Vietnamese quốc
Greek and Middle Chinese roots each have their advantages. The MC forms are shorter, polysyllabic forms are transparently built from monosyllabic morphemes; but they're not as immediately recognizable as Greek roots are.

Well, enough for today. Upcoming topics: Middle Chinese to Passol sound changes, Sanskrit and Arabic borrowings, a priori vocabulary.
Ares Land
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Re: Passol : sample text with commentary

Post by Ares Land »

I think I'll post a sample text for a change.
The text is from an account of the (disastrous) Solarist intervention in Western Europe in the 24th century -- it describes military supplies being delivered from orbit to a base camp in Northern Africa.

Huat oide eno sahra haima'i, ka aergei jinein sha rai te makro chaish pupate. Lei jein termo duo flunein aer ba ufullinh; chaish imein atmo akou densrung. Oide angso sko'ein radar, da 'ain ke duskojin, ke kute megagram mu'um, siu kleung damar. Lei makro fobi oide huber ya, yi hostiguo' nangum muom jindau ke, shleu'e' haima yon hiu mou tai uso tai.
They had set up camp in the desert, and planes were falling down from the sky in great spherical cocoons. It was so hot that it looked as if the air was boiling, towards the horizon. The spheres entered the atmosphere with a thundering sound. They were anxiously looking at the radar: if one of them, loaded with a ton of supplies, missed its entry, there would be extensive damage. Their greatest fear, above all, was that the enemy would find a way to deviate their trajectory, and to crush the encampment under a rain of their own engines and their own fuel.


huat oide eno sahra enhaima'i, ka aergei jinein sha rai te makro chaish pupate
EVID PL-3 PAST-in desert camp-PRF / and plane fall-PROG from sky inside large sphere cocoon

They had set up camp in the desert, and planes were falling down from the sky in great spherical cocoons.

Huat is an evidential, of unclear origin (it's not mentioned in the Audimahan grammar, and entered usage later on). It signals reported speech, with no commitment from the speaker as to its authenticity (compare with the use of lei, later on).
sahra is from Arabic. Passol borrowed both sahra as a generic word for 'desert', and Sahara, the Sahara desert.
haima is from Arabic as well (from khayma, tent); the perfect indicates a sense of urgency -- they had set up camp just in time. While we're talking about TAM markers, it's worth mentioning that the past tense marker en- only appears once in the text; once the past tense is established, there's no need to mark it again -- it's sufficiently clear from context that the narrative remains in the past tense throughout.
jin, 'fall' (from Middle Chinese) is specifically 'to fall under gravity'. In a space habitat, 'to fall' is lie.
makro has a specific connotation of something exceedingly large, even unnaturally so.
pupate is literally a pupa-container; cf te, inside, contain.

lei jein termo duo flun-ein aer ba ufullinh / chaish im-ein atmo akou den-srung
EVID very hot seem-PROG boil air towards horizon / sphere into-PROG atmosphere sound electric-boom

The spheres entered the atmosphere with a thundering sound.
Lei signals reported facts, from a fully reliable source.
ufullinh, is 'horizon-line'. The Audimahan had ufu' (from Arabic ʾufuq), but here the author has to be quite specific that it's a kind of linh/line : most of his readers have never seen the horizon.
densrung 'thunder', 'electric boom' is another attempt to describe a terrestrial phenomenon. srung has much stronger connotations than thunder, and the comparison is probably intended to convey a sense of deep unease: such a very loud sound would be a very bad sign inside a space habitat.

oide angso sko'ein radar / da 'ain ke dus-ko-jin / ke ku-te megagram mu'um / siu kleung damar
PL-3 anxiety watch-PROG radar / if exist 4 fail-enter-fall / 4 contain-in ton supply / evid surprising damage

if one of them, loaded with a ton of supplies, missed its entry, there would be extensive damage.

The container spheres get the fourth person pronoun ke (the third person is assigned to the military). Animate pronouns tend to be pluralized: oide, but inanimate ones usually aren't.
The da 'ain construction, literally: 'if there exists...' is calqued on mathemitacl notation.
The prefix mu- is borrowed from Arabic - though in Passol it's more like a cliticized indefinite pronoun so mu'um, supplies means 'that which is used', 'someone uses it'

lei makro fobi oide huber ya / yi hostiguo' nangum muom jindau ke / shleu'e' haima yon hiu mou tai uso tai
EVID great fear PL-3 over all / this enemy find-way change trajectory 4 / crush-complete camp under rain engine own fuel own

Their greatest fear, above all, was that the enemy would find a way to deviate their trajectory, and to crush the encampment under a rain of their own engines and their own fuel.

The possessive is expressed by simple juxtaposition: fobi oide: fear + they. You can also interpret it as 'it scares them', and what's the difference, really?

The author reuses lei - pragmatically, an evidential should be used in every other sentence or so.
huber is a later innovation - probably an alteration of huper (exceedingly above) under the influence of über.
hostiguo' is one of those odd translingual compounds typical of Passol, and much decried by terrestrial conservatives: hosti (< Latin) + guo' (Middle Chinese). The Audimahan had opted not to provide a word for 'enemy', probably in a fit of misplaced Whorfianism.

'e' is more definitive than the usual perfect ending 'i. Here it implies the camp would be crushed utterly.
hiu is a borrowing from Middle Chinese -- the larger habitats do have clouds and rain sometimes.
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