Re: Karaam - NP: syntax
Posted: Tue Aug 02, 2022 10:09 am
Adverbs and adverbials.
The category of adverbs include such words as igau 'therefore', irai 'here', širai 'there', bago 'many' bagðog 'often.'
But you can simply use an headless relative clause as an adverb:
bim '(it is) good' → bimam 'well'
bago dim 'many languages' → am bago dim 'in many languages'
kara 'clear' → karaam 'clearly' / 'the Karaam language'
Irukah tannam 's/he praises Irukah' → am Irukah tannam 'while praising Irukah.'
A few examples:
bimam er
'S/he speaks well'
am bago dim er
'S/he speaks many languages.'
qibše am Irukah tannam
'They began working while praising Irukah.'
You can form an adverbial clause out of any independent clause with an intransitive, absolutive or transitive verbs:
teqamam hosṭam
'He sang as he bathed.'
Irukah tekwogwan am qweged riṭan
'He run from the King, praying to Irukah.'
Am Bagṭers qaahmeh tedahoh tedaikwain gwem šausšorša Amohṭes.
'As Bagṭers was fighting his enemies, his brother Amohṭes administered justice for the people.'
Adverbial clauses are typically placed at the end of the sentence, or immediately preceding the verb.
Am Bagṭers qaahmeh tedahoh tedaikwain gwem šausšorša Amohṭes.
gwem tedaikwain šausšorša Amohṭes am Bagṭers qaahmeh tedahoh
No NP can be placed between the adverbial clause and the verb; it must be placed before the adverbial or before the verb:
Am Bagṭers qaahmeh tedahoh tedaikwain gwem šausšorša Amohṭes.
gwem am Bagṭers qaahmeh tedahoh tedaikwain šausšorša Amohṭes.
Adverbial clause with a nominal predicate
You can form an adverbial clause with a nominal predicate; in that case the predicate noun is placed at the end of the clause and in the ablative:
Bagṭers qwege tedaikwain gwem šausšorša Amohṭes.
'When Bagṭers was king, his brother Amohṭes administered justice for the people.'
Qaahmeh hetdahoh ɓetse
'I fight the enemy when/because there is my friend.'
qweg rimskobeh teṭumqo qaargðe
'The king spared the architect out of mercy.'
The category of adverbs include such words as igau 'therefore', irai 'here', širai 'there', bago 'many' bagðog 'often.'
But you can simply use an headless relative clause as an adverb:
bim '(it is) good' → bimam 'well'
bago dim 'many languages' → am bago dim 'in many languages'
kara 'clear' → karaam 'clearly' / 'the Karaam language'
Irukah tannam 's/he praises Irukah' → am Irukah tannam 'while praising Irukah.'
A few examples:
bimam er
- bim-am
- good-REL
- er
- speak
'S/he speaks well'
am bago dim er
- am
- REL
- bago
- many
- dim
- language
- er
- speak
'S/he speaks many languages.'
qibše am Irukah tannam
- qibše
- begin.work\PL
- am
- REL
- Irukah
- Irukah
- t-annam
- 3.OBJ-praise
'They began working while praising Irukah.'
You can form an adverbial clause out of any independent clause with an intransitive, absolutive or transitive verbs:
teqamam hosṭam
- te-qam-am
- 3;OBJ-wash-REL
- hosṭam
- sing
'He sang as he bathed.'
Irukah tekwogwan am qweged riṭan
- Irukah
- Irukah
- te-kwogwa-n
- 3.OBJ-propitiate-IPFV
- am
- REL
- qweg-ed
- king-DAT
- riṭa
- run-IPFV
'He run from the King, praying to Irukah.'
Am Bagṭers qaahmeh tedahoh tedaikwain gwem šausšorša Amohṭes.
- am
- REL
- Bagṭers
- Bagṭers
- qaahmeh
- enemy
- te-dahoh
- 3-fight
- te-daikwain
- 3.OBJ-judge
- šausšorša
- 3.POSS-brother
- gwem
- people
- Amohṭes
- Amohṭes
'As Bagṭers was fighting his enemies, his brother Amohṭes administered justice for the people.'
Adverbial clauses are typically placed at the end of the sentence, or immediately preceding the verb.
Am Bagṭers qaahmeh tedahoh tedaikwain gwem šausšorša Amohṭes.
gwem tedaikwain šausšorša Amohṭes am Bagṭers qaahmeh tedahoh
No NP can be placed between the adverbial clause and the verb; it must be placed before the adverbial or before the verb:
Am Bagṭers qaahmeh tedahoh tedaikwain gwem šausšorša Amohṭes.
gwem am Bagṭers qaahmeh tedahoh tedaikwain šausšorša Amohṭes.
Adverbial clause with a nominal predicate
You can form an adverbial clause with a nominal predicate; in that case the predicate noun is placed at the end of the clause and in the ablative:
Bagṭers qwege tedaikwain gwem šausšorša Amohṭes.
- Bagṭers
- Bagṭers
- qweg-e
- king-ABL
- te-daikwain
- 3.OBJ-judge
- šausšorša
- 3.POSS-brother
- gwem
- people
- Amohṭes
- Amohṭes
'When Bagṭers was king, his brother Amohṭes administered justice for the people.'
Qaahmeh hetdahoh ɓetse
- qaahmeh
- enemy
- he-t-dahoh
- 1.SBJ-3.OBJ-fight
- ɓets-e
- friend-ABL
'I fight the enemy when/because there is my friend.'
qweg rimskobeh teṭumqo qaargðe
- qweg
- king
- rimskobeh
- architect
- te-ṭumqo
- 3.OBJ-spare
- qaargð-e
- mercy-ABL
'The king spared the architect out of mercy.'