Re: Voigari: an alternate history Romance language. (NP: irregular verbs)
Posted: Wed Mar 25, 2020 6:45 pm
Compound tenses
The recent past
I'll discuss usage later on, but the recent past serves both as a perfective and for recent, completed events. The rule is, basically, if it happened today, use the recent past; if not, use the remote past.
Voigari uses the auxiliaries abbia and fia followed by the past participle, in the oblique case:
ao amado, I have loved.
ai amado, you have loved,
a amado, he/she has loved
avimu amado, we have loved
avadi amado, you have loved
an amado, they have loved.
The singular forms trigger initial doubling: ao ffatto, I have done; an fatto, they have done
Auxiliary choice
fia, to be, is used with verbs of motion, in which case the participle is in the nominative case.
e vvenudo, he has come
son partido, I have gone.
With reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun disappears in the recent place, but the auxiliary fia is used (still with the nominative)
me svejjai, I woke up > son svejjadu, I (just) woke up.
me bagnai, I took a bath > son bagnadu I bathed (today).
That is not true of reciprocals:
I pecenni s'an svejjadu, the kids have woken (each other) up vs. I pecenni son sejjadi, the kids have woken up.
In all other cases, use abbia, except for moria, to die: e mmortu, he's dead, and nasca, to be born: e nnadu, he's born.
Agreement.
With the auxiliary abbia, the participle always agrees with the direct object whenever there is one.
ao ffinido lo libro, I've finished the book.
ao mmagnada la rana, I've eaten the frog.
This includes second ferson pronouns: te viso, I've seen you (male), te visa, I've seen you (female), le vvide, I've seen them (female), cè vvida, I've seen them (neuter).
When there's no direct object, simply use the -o masculine/neuter ending.
a piovudo, it has rained.
And with the auxiliary fia, the participle always agrees with the subject:
sono venuddo, I have come (male speker)
sono venudda, I have come (female speaker)
The pluperfect
The pluperfect is formed with the imperfect forms of the auxiliary:
avéo amado, I had loved.
avé amado, you had loved,
avéa amado, he/she had loved
aviamu amado, we had loved
aviadi amado, you had loved
avéan amado, they had loved.
erro venudo, I had come.
erre venudo, you had come,
erra venudo, he/she had come
eramu venudo, we had come
eradi venudo, you had come
erran venudo, they had come.
The past anterior
abbi amado, I had loved.
avisti amado, you had loved,
abbe amado, he/she had loved
abbimu amado, we had loved
abbidi amado, you had loved
avuero amado, they had loved.
fui venudo, I had come.
fosti venudo, you had come,
fo venudo, he/she had come
fommu venudo, we had come
fosti venudo, you had come
forro venudo, they had come.
What's the difference between pluperfect and past anterior? The pluperfect, like the imperfect implies a progressive or habitual aspect, and an action anterior to the main narrative. The past anterior implies a punctual event.
The past anterior can also be used for the experiential perfect, or to imply that a condition is no longer true:
Abbi parlado l'Anghiesco -- I have known/spoken English -- but I don't anymore.
The recent past
I'll discuss usage later on, but the recent past serves both as a perfective and for recent, completed events. The rule is, basically, if it happened today, use the recent past; if not, use the remote past.
Voigari uses the auxiliaries abbia and fia followed by the past participle, in the oblique case:
ao amado, I have loved.
ai amado, you have loved,
a amado, he/she has loved
avimu amado, we have loved
avadi amado, you have loved
an amado, they have loved.
The singular forms trigger initial doubling: ao ffatto, I have done; an fatto, they have done
Auxiliary choice
fia, to be, is used with verbs of motion, in which case the participle is in the nominative case.
e vvenudo, he has come
son partido, I have gone.
With reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun disappears in the recent place, but the auxiliary fia is used (still with the nominative)
me svejjai, I woke up > son svejjadu, I (just) woke up.
me bagnai, I took a bath > son bagnadu I bathed (today).
That is not true of reciprocals:
I pecenni s'an svejjadu, the kids have woken (each other) up vs. I pecenni son sejjadi, the kids have woken up.
In all other cases, use abbia, except for moria, to die: e mmortu, he's dead, and nasca, to be born: e nnadu, he's born.
Agreement.
With the auxiliary abbia, the participle always agrees with the direct object whenever there is one.
ao ffinido lo libro, I've finished the book.
ao mmagnada la rana, I've eaten the frog.
This includes second ferson pronouns: te viso, I've seen you (male), te visa, I've seen you (female), le vvide, I've seen them (female), cè vvida, I've seen them (neuter).
When there's no direct object, simply use the -o masculine/neuter ending.
a piovudo, it has rained.
And with the auxiliary fia, the participle always agrees with the subject:
sono venuddo, I have come (male speker)
sono venudda, I have come (female speaker)
The pluperfect
The pluperfect is formed with the imperfect forms of the auxiliary:
avéo amado, I had loved.
avé amado, you had loved,
avéa amado, he/she had loved
aviamu amado, we had loved
aviadi amado, you had loved
avéan amado, they had loved.
erro venudo, I had come.
erre venudo, you had come,
erra venudo, he/she had come
eramu venudo, we had come
eradi venudo, you had come
erran venudo, they had come.
The past anterior
abbi amado, I had loved.
avisti amado, you had loved,
abbe amado, he/she had loved
abbimu amado, we had loved
abbidi amado, you had loved
avuero amado, they had loved.
fui venudo, I had come.
fosti venudo, you had come,
fo venudo, he/she had come
fommu venudo, we had come
fosti venudo, you had come
forro venudo, they had come.
What's the difference between pluperfect and past anterior? The pluperfect, like the imperfect implies a progressive or habitual aspect, and an action anterior to the main narrative. The past anterior implies a punctual event.
The past anterior can also be used for the experiential perfect, or to imply that a condition is no longer true:
Abbi parlado l'Anghiesco -- I have known/spoken English -- but I don't anymore.