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Biskainish - A Post-Apocalyptic Language
Posted: Fri Dec 13, 2019 9:14 pm
by Esneirra973
Biskainish is spoken in the Kingdom of Baskain, which is located in southern Florida. This is a conlang for a future timeline based on a post-apocalyptic America that has regressed to feudal levels of technology. Biskainish is currently spoken in the early 4th millenium, and is a descendant of American English.
Phonology
Nasals: /m n ɲ ŋ/ - <m n ñ ng>
Plosives: /p b t d k g/ - <p b t d k g>
Affricates: /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/ - <ch dj>
Fricatives: /f v s z ʃ ʒ x h ɦ/ - <f v s z sh j h ḥ>
Rhotics: /r/ - <r>
Approximants: /l ʎ j w/ - <l ly y w>
Vowels: /i ɨ u e o ɛ ɐ ɔ a/ - <i ụ u e o ẹ ȧ ọ a>
Diphthongs: /uɪ eɪ oɪ aɪ iʊ eʊ oʊ aʊ/ - <ui ei oi ai iu eu ou au>
Allophones
- The phonemes /b d g/ are pronounced as [β ð ɣ] between vowels. An example is tagyẹdaḥ "together", which is pronounced [tə.ɡjɛ.ðəː].
- Combinations of /bN̩ dN̩ gN̩/ become /m̩ n̩ ŋ̩/. An example is the verb argeibn "I'd given", which is pronounced [aɾ.gej.m̩].
- The vowel /a/ is pronounced as [ə] when unstressed. An example is plata "silver", which is pronounced [pla.tə].
- The vowels /i ɨ u e o ɛ ɔ/ are pronounced as [i ɨ ʊ ɨ ʊ ɨ ʊ] when unstressed. An example is ẹhlavọ "slave", which is pronounced [ɨ.hla.vʊ].
- Sequences of /Vɦ/ become [Vː] when in coda position or before consonants. An example is tagyẹdaḥ "together", which is pronounced [tə.ɡjɛ.ðəː].
- Sequences of /rs/ become /t͡s/ in coda position. An example is the plural of keir "kid", which is pronounced [keɪt͡s], and the plural of mẹyar "mayor", which is pronounced [mɛ.jat͡s].
Sound Changes
1950 CE to 2020 CE
Note: This list of sound changes does not include the cot-caught merger, which is very commonplace in South Florida.
Development of Stressed Vowels
/V Vɪ Vʊ/ > /Vː Vːɪ Vːʊ/ | only when occurring in the same syllable/before the consonants /m n ŋ b d g d͡ʒ v ð z ʒ/
/Vː Vːɪ Vːʊ/ > /V Vɪ Vʊ/ | unstressed
/V Vɪ Vʊ/ > /Vː Vːɪ Vːʊ/ | in stressed, open syllables
/aj aw/ > /ɑj æw/
Development of Unstressed Vowels
/ə/ > /ə̆/ | unstressed
/ɚː/ > /ɚ/ | after vowels
/ɚ ɚː/ > /ɹ̩/
/əm ən əl əɹ/ > /m̩ n̩ ɫ̩ ɹ̩/ | not before vowels
/VɪN̩ VʊN̩ VɪR̩ VʊR̩/ > /VjN̩ VwN̩ VjR̩ VwR̩/
/əː/ > /ʌː/
Development of Plosives
/Vt/ > /Vt̚/ | _#
/t d/ > /ɾ/ | V_V
/nd ld/ > /n l/ | _#
/ɹd/ > /ɹɾ/
/dɹ/ > /ɾɹ/ | unstressed
/d/ > /ɾ/ | _#
Development of Velarized /l/
/l/ > /ɫ/ | after central vowels, back vowels, and the vowel /ɪ(ː)/
Development of Unstressed Vowels
/ə̆/ > /Ø/ | unstressed intertonic syllables
/ʌ/ > /ɜ/
/ə̆/ > /ə/
/ɪ/ > /ə/ | unstressed
/aʊ/ > /ɑw~ɑ/ | unstressed
Development of Syllabic Consonants and Other Approximants
/ld ɫd/ > /l ɫ/ | _#
/ɫ̩/ > /o/
/əl əɫ/ > /o/
Development of Coda Consonants
/t̚/ > /ʔ/ > /h/ | unstressed
/t̚/ > /t/
/nd/ > /n/ | _#
Other Vowel Changes
/Vː/ > /V/
/æ/ > /eə/ | before nasals
/aʊ/ > /æʊ/
/eɪ/ > /ɛɪ/
/ɪ ʊ/ > /e ɨ/
/ɑ/ > /a/
Development of Nasals and Approximants
/nl/ > /nɾ/
Development of Plosives
/p t k/ > /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ | stressed
/pʰ tʰ kʰ/ > /pp tt kk/ | V_V
/b d g/ > /β ð ɣ/ > /v ð ɦ/ | V_V
/pʰ tʰ kʰ/ never became phonemic, only remaining as allophones in Biskainish
/ŋ/ > /g/ | unstressed
/v/ > /b/ | _#
Development of Fricatives and Other Consonants
/θ ð/ > /t d/ (this applies to instances of /θ ð/ that were inherited from Modern English)
/ɹ/ > /r/ | in consonant clusters
/ɾ/ > /r/
/ɹ/ > /ɦ/
Development of Long Vowels
/V/ > /Vː/ | _G# (G = voiced nasal, plosive, or fricative)
/æː/ > /eə/
/æːʊ/ > /ɛːʊ/ > /jɛʊ/
/iː ɨː uː/ > /iɪ ɨɵ ʉɵ/
/eː əː oː/ > /eɛ ə oɔ/
/ɛː ɜː ɔː/ > /jɛ ɜa wɔ/
/aː/ > /aə/
/oːɪ aːɪ/ > /o.ɛ a.ɛ/
/ɛːɪ oːʊ/ > /iɪ uʊ/
/ɨɵ ʉɵ/ > /ɨ.a ʉɵ/
/aə/ > /aa/ | stressed
/aə/ > /a/
/ea/ > /ja/
Development of Vowels
/æʊ/ > /ɛʊ/
/æ/ > /jæ/ | stressed
/æ/ > /a/
/iɪ ɛɪ uʊ ɛʊ/ > /əɪ eɪ əʊ eʊ/
/ʉɵ/ > /ʉw/ > /ɨʊ/
/ɜ/ > /ɐ/
/ɜa aa/ > /ɐa/ > /ɐɦa/
/oɪ aɪ/ > /uɪ oɪ/
/əɪ əʊ/ > /aɪ aʊ/
/ɨʊ/ > /iʊ/
Development of Unstressed/Syllabic Vowels and Velarized /l/
/ɫ/ > /o/ | V_
/ɫ/ > /w/
/m̩ n̩ ɹ̩/ > /əm ən əɹ/
/ə/ > /a/
Development of Former Velarized /l/
/eɛo oɔo/ > /eɦɛo oɦɔo/ > /eɦo oɦo/
/eɛ oɔ/ > /eɪ oʊ/
/ɨʊo/ > /ɨwo/
/ɨʊw/ > /ɨww/ | _V
/io ɨo uo eo oo ɛo ɐo ɔo ao/ > /iɦo ɨɦo uɦo eɦo oʊ ɛɦo ɐɦo oʊ aɦo/ | stressed
/io ɨo uo eo oo ɛo ɐo ɔo ao/ > /iʊ iʊ u.o eʊ oʊ ɛ.o a.o oʊ a.o/
/uɪo eɪo oɪo aɪo iʊo eʊo oʊo aʊo/ > /ujo ejo ojo ajo iwo ewo owo awo/
/iw ɨw uw ew ow ɛw ɐw ɔw aw/ > /iʊ iʊ u eʊ oʊ eʊ aʊ oʊ aʊ/ | _[C#]
/uɪw eɪw oɪw aɪw iʊw eʊw oʊw aʊw/ > /uju eju oju aju iʊ eʊ oʊ aʊ/ | _[C#]
/iʊw eʊw oʊw aʊw/ > /iww eww oww aww/ | _V
Development of Palatal Consonants
/mj nj/ > /ɲ/
/lj/ > /ʎ/
/CVɦC/ > /CɦVC~CVCɦ/ | _V
/CVɦC/ > /CɦVC/
/ɦCV/ > /CɦV/
/mp mb nt nd nk~ŋk ng~ŋg/ > /mb m nd n ŋ ŋ/ | _#
/mp mb nt nd nk~ŋk ng~ŋg/ > /mb mm nd nn ŋg ŋg~gg/
/nr mr/ > /ndr mbr/
Here is an example sentence inspired by JBR's
Futurese:
Wi keirs wiḥbeiginyu, ticha, dah efyuotichas tụtok krek, bikaz wiḥbin eignaḥan yan wiḥtokin kaḥap...
/wi ˈkeɪrs wiɦ.ˈbeɪ.gin.ju ˈti.t͡ʃa dah ef.ˈju.o.ti.t͡ʃas tɨ.ˈtok krek bi.ˈkaz wiɦ.bin ˈeɪg.na.ɦan jan wiɦ.ˈto.kin ka.ˈɦap/
[wi ˈkeɪt͡s wiː.ˈbeɪ.gin.jʊ ˈti.t͡ʃa dah ef.ˈju.o.ti.t͡ʃas tɨ.ˈtok kɾek bi.ˈkaz wiː.bin ˈeɪg.na.ɦan jan wiː.ˈto.kin ka.ˈɦap]
1P.NOM child-PLU 1P.PRES.PROG-beg-PRES.PROG-2S.OBL, teacher, REL COND-2S.FUT.PROG-teach-1P.OBL INF-speak correct, because be.1P.PRES.PROG ignorant and 1P.PRES.PROG-speak-PRES.PROG corrupt
We children beg you, teacher, that you should teach us to speak correctly, because we are ignorant and we speak corruptly…
Tomorrow, I will write an explanation of the grammar when I get the chance.
Re: Biskainish - A Post-Apocalyptic Language
Posted: Fri Dec 13, 2019 9:52 pm
by Knit Tie
As a Future English guy myself, I'm loving you lang!
Perhaps we could compare notes?
I can see that the grammar hasn't changed much, which is actually quite a nice idea.
Re: Biskainish - A Post-Apocalyptic Language
Posted: Sat Dec 14, 2019 9:09 am
by Esneirra973
Knit Tie wrote: ↑Fri Dec 13, 2019 9:52 pm
As a Future English guy myself, I'm loving you lang!
Perhaps we could compare notes?
I can see that the grammar hasn't changed much, which is actually quite a nice idea.
We could. I'll try to get the grammar up sometime today.
Re: Biskainish - A Post-Apocalyptic Language
Posted: Sat Dec 14, 2019 11:17 am
by Esneirra973
Grammar
Personal Pronouns
|
Nom. |
Obl. |
Obl. Suffix |
Poss. Adj. |
Gen. |
Loc. |
Abl. |
Instr. |
Refl. |
| 1S |
ai |
mi |
-mi |
mai |
frȧmmi |
emmi |
dẹmi |
wemmi |
maiseu |
| 2S |
yu |
yu |
-yu |
yoḥ |
frȧyyu |
eñu |
dẹyu |
weyyu |
yoḥseu |
| 3AS |
dei |
dẹm |
-dim |
ez |
frȧddẹm |
endẹm |
dẹdẹm |
weddẹm |
dẹḥseu |
| 3IS |
et |
et |
-it |
ets |
frȧmet |
enet |
dẹyet |
wetet |
etseu |
| IMP |
ya |
ya |
-ya |
yaḥ |
frȧyya |
eña |
dẹya |
weyya |
yaḥseu |
| 1P |
wi |
ȧs |
-ȧs |
aḥ |
frȧmȧs |
enȧs |
dẹyȧs |
wetȧs |
aḥseu |
| 2P |
yuga |
fọyyuga |
-yuga |
yuga |
frȧyyuga |
eñuga |
dẹyuga |
weyyuga |
yugaseu |
| 3P |
dẹmọ |
dẹmọ |
-dimu |
dẹmọ |
frȧddẹmọ |
endẹmọ |
dẹdẹmọ |
weddẹmọ |
dẹḥseu |
Nouns
Noun Cases
|
Prefix |
| Nominative |
0- |
| Oblique |
fọḥ- |
| Genitive |
frȧ(m)- |
| Locative |
en- |
| Ablative |
dẹ- |
| Instrumental |
wet- |
|
|
Prefix |
| Indefinite |
0- |
| Definite |
d(a)- |
|
|
Prefix |
| Singular |
-0 |
| Plural |
-s |
|
I'll put the verbs in the next post.
By the way, would anyone happen to know how to make a chart here? It would be much easier for me to show verb conjugations with a chart.
Edit: I figured out how to make tables.
Re: Biskainish - A Post-Apocalyptic Language
Posted: Sat Dec 14, 2019 3:11 pm
by Esneirra973
Grammar (cont.)
Verbs
Verbs in Biskainish are much more agglutinative than modern English verbs, and conjugate for tense, aspect, mood, and voice. Biskainish uses an SVO word order much like English, but uses a VSO word order in interrogative constructions.
Mood
|
Prefix |
| Indicative |
0- |
| Subjunctive |
dat- |
| Imperative |
new- |
| Conditional |
ef- |
Tense and Aspect
|
Pres. Prog. |
Pres. Perf. |
Past Prog. |
Past Perf. |
Fut. Prog. |
Fut. Perf. |
Habitual |
| 1SG |
am-...-in |
av-...-n |
awas-...-er |
ar-...-n |
ayo- |
alav-...-n |
ai- |
| 2SG |
yoḥ-...-in |
yuv-...-n |
yuwaḥ-...-er |
yur-...-n |
yuo- |
yulav-...-n |
yu- |
| 3SG |
iz-...-in |
iyaz-...-n |
iwas-...-er |
ir-...-n |
deyo- |
ilav-...-n |
i- |
| 1PL |
wiḥ-...-in |
wiv-...-n |
wiwaḥ-...-er |
wir-...-n |
wiwo- |
wilav-...-n |
wi- |
| 2PL |
yugzaḥ-...-in |
yugzav-...-n |
yugzawaḥ-...-er |
yugzar-...-n |
yugzo- |
yugalav-...-n |
yugaz- |
| 3PL |
dẹḥ-...-in |
deyọv-...-n |
dewaḥ-...-er |
deir-...-n |
demyo- (*demwo-) |
delav-...-n |
dẹmọ- |
Infinitive: tụ-
Voice
|
Suffix |
| Active |
-0 |
| Passive |
-ba |
To Be (Irregular Verb)
|
Pres. Prog. |
Pres. Perf. |
Past Prog. |
Past Perf. |
Fut. Prog. |
Fut. Perf. |
Habitual |
| 1SG |
ambin |
avben |
awasbin |
arben |
ayobi |
alavbin |
ayam |
| 2SG |
yoḥbin |
yuvben |
yuwaḥbin |
yurben |
yuobi |
yulavbin |
yuwaḥ |
| 3SG |
izbin |
iyazben |
iwasbin |
irben |
deyobi |
ilavbin |
iyez |
| 1PL |
wiḥbin |
wivben |
wiwaḥbin |
wirben |
wiwobi |
wilavbin |
wiḥ |
| 2PL |
yugzaḥbin |
yugzavben |
yugzawaḥbin |
yugzarben |
yugzobi |
yugalavbin |
yugzaḥ |
| 3PL |
dẹḥbin |
deyọvben |
dewaḥbin |
deirben |
demwobi |
delavbin |
dẹmalaḥ |
Infinitive: tụbi
Re: Biskainish - A Post-Apocalyptic Language
Posted: Sat Dec 14, 2019 4:59 pm
by Esneirra973
Grammar (cont.)
Interrogative Pronouns
Here is a chart of the various interrogative pronouns in Biskainish:
|
dah "that" |
wah "which, what" |
ao "all, every" |
no "no" |
| man "person" |
daman |
waman? |
aoman |
noman |
| luḥá "place" |
dalḥá |
walḥá? |
aolḥá |
nolḥá |
| toim "time" |
datoim |
watoim? |
awatoim |
notoim |
| teing "thing" |
dateing |
wateing? |
aoting |
nating |
| wei "way, means" |
dawei |
wawei? |
awwei |
nowei |
And here is a chart depicting their meanings:
|
dah "that" |
wah "which, what" |
ao "all, every" |
no "no" |
| man "person" |
that person |
who? |
everyone |
nobody |
| luḥá "place" |
there |
where? |
everywhere |
nowhere |
| toim "time" |
then |
when? |
always |
never |
| teing "thing" |
that thing |
what thing? |
everything |
nothing |
| wei "way, means" |
that way |
how? |
every way |
no way |
Note: The word luḥá is a loanword from Old Cuvao lugal "place". Cuvao is the language of the Kingdom of Cuva, making it a descendant of Cuban Spanish.
Possessive Adjectives
|
Possessive Adjectives |
| 1SG |
mai |
| 2SG |
yoḥ |
| 3SG (Animate) |
ez |
| 3SG (Inanimate) |
ets |
| Impersonal |
yaḥ |
| 1PL |
aḥ |
| 2PL |
yuga |
| 3PL |
dẹmọ |
Possessive adjectives go before the nouns that they possess. In many urban areas, possessive adjectives are dying out, and being replaced with genitive pronouns that go after the nouns they possess, especially among younger people. Here is a comparison of how an urban Biscaynian would speak versus a rural elderly Biscaynian. Biscaynian is the English term for an inhabitant of the Kingdom of Baskain based on the origin of the word of Baskain in Modern English, Biscayne Bay. This name stems from the fact that Cutler Bay, known as the City of Baskain nowadays, is the capital of the Kingdom of Baskain.
English Sentence: Hwan paid me 50 pieces of silver as a dowry for the marriage between his son and my daughter.
Urban
Hwan irpeinmi weppis 50 frȧsseuvaḥ yaz braggef bikaz fọḥdamẹḥȧj frȧssȧn frȧddẹm yan frȧddarȧḥ frȧmmi.
Hwan 3S.PST.PERF-pay-PST.PERF-1S.OBL INSTR-piece-PLU fifty GEN-silver as INDEF-dowry because OBL-DEF-marriage GEN-son 3S.ANIM.GEN and GEN-daughter 1S.GEN
Rural
Hwan irpeinmi wet 50 fọḥpisas frȧsseuvaḥ yaz braggef bikaz fọḥdamẹḥȧj bitwain ez sȧn yan mai darȧḥ.
Hwan 3S.PST.PERF-pay-PST.PERF-1S.OBL with fifty OBL-piece-PLU GEN-silver as INDEF-dowry because OBL-DEF-marriage between 3S.ANIM.POSS son and 1S.POSS daughter
Re: Biskainish - A Post-Apocalyptic Language
Posted: Tue Jun 30, 2020 11:30 pm
by Bob
Wow, good job on this one. I even made a "future English" conlang once or a few times in the past few years.
Re: Biskainish - A Post-Apocalyptic Language
Posted: Wed Jul 01, 2020 6:56 am
by Esneirra973
Bob wrote: ↑Tue Jun 30, 2020 11:30 pm
Wow, good job on this one. I even made a "future English" conlang once or a few times in the past few years.
Thanks! I’m also working on a future Spanish conlang that’s spoken in Cuba.
Re: Biskainish - A Post-Apocalyptic Language
Posted: Wed Jul 01, 2020 8:52 am
by sasasha
gokupwned5 wrote: ↑Wed Jul 01, 2020 6:56 am
Bob wrote: ↑Tue Jun 30, 2020 11:30 pm
Wow, good job on this one. I even made a "future English" conlang once or a few times in the past few years.
Thanks! I’m also working on a future Spanish conlang that’s spoken in Cuba.
Which is in your signature?
I like Biskainish very much, particularly the differences between urban and rural speech, and the borrowing from Old Cuvao. Out of interest, how would the Biskainish reflex differ if taken from 'lugar'?
Re: Biskainish - A Post-Apocalyptic Language
Posted: Wed Jul 01, 2020 8:59 am
by Esneirra973
sasasha wrote: ↑Wed Jul 01, 2020 8:52 am
Esneirra973 wrote: ↑Wed Jul 01, 2020 6:56 am
Bob wrote: ↑Tue Jun 30, 2020 11:30 pm
Wow, good job on this one. I even made a "future English" conlang once or a few times in the past few years.
Thanks! I’m also working on a future Spanish conlang that’s spoken in Cuba.
Which is in your signature?
I like Biskainish very much, particularly the differences between urban and rural speech, and the borrowing from Old Cuvao. Out of interest, how would the Biskainish reflex differ if taken from 'lugar'?
Yeah. The future Spanish conlang is actually called Cuvao, which comes from the Spanish word
cubano. If the Biskainish word in question was borrowed from lugar instead, then its reflex would be *liugar, because it would have been borrowed into 21st century English as /luːgaɾ/.
Re: Biskainish - A Post-Apocalyptic Language
Posted: Wed Jul 01, 2020 9:13 am
by sasasha
gokupwned5 wrote: ↑Wed Jul 01, 2020 8:59 am
Yeah. The future Spanish conlang is actually called Cuvao, which comes from the Spanish word
cubano.
Yeah, I registered that - very cool. You're obviously doing some rich world-building here too.
If the Biskainish word in question was borrowed from lugar instead, then its reflex would be *liugar, because it would have been borrowed into 21st century English as /luːgaɾ/.
Ok, interesting.
Re: Biskainish - A Post-Apocalyptic Language
Posted: Thu Jul 09, 2020 2:44 pm
by Bob
gokupwned5 wrote: ↑Wed Jul 01, 2020 6:56 am
Thanks! I’m also working on a future Spanish conlang that’s spoken in Cuba.
Post about it here if you can. You should make websites for your conlangs, if you haven't already. I don't remember.
You know what would be cool? Future versions of languages like English or Spanish that develop huge tone systems like what Cantonese have. I was just reading about tonogenesis on Wikipedia and it's interesting. Someone took the effort in c 2015 to 2020 to improve the Wikipedia article despite all the drama of Wikipedia. That always amazes me. Anyway, just a thought. They say now that English has a topic marker in the youth slang word "like". That always struck me as Asian. Maybe I'm thinking of Blade Runner and The Fifth Element too much here. Have you seen Water World? It's very very good, despite the negative impression I always had of it. Things are like that in life.
Re: Biskainish - A Post-Apocalyptic Language
Posted: Thu Jul 09, 2020 2:57 pm
by Esneirra973
Bob wrote: ↑Thu Jul 09, 2020 2:44 pm
gokupwned5 wrote: ↑Wed Jul 01, 2020 6:56 am
Thanks! I’m also working on a future Spanish conlang that’s spoken in Cuba.
Post about it here if you can. You should make websites for your conlangs, if you haven't already. I don't remember.
You know what would be cool? Future versions of languages like English or Spanish that develop huge tone systems like what Cantonese have. I was just reading about tonogenesis on Wikipedia and it's interesting. Someone took the effort in c 2015 to 2020 to improve the Wikipedia article despite all the drama of Wikipedia. That always amazes me. Anyway, just a thought. They say now that English has a topic marker in the youth slang word "like". That always struck me as Asian. Maybe I'm thinking of Blade Runner and The Fifth Element too much here. Have you seen Water World? It's very very good, despite the negative impression I always had of it. Things are like that in life.
That would be pretty interesting! As for making a website, I might do that in the future, maybe once I flesh out the world that Biskainish and Cuvao exist in a little more.