Semantics of adjectival derivation
Posted: Mon Jun 29, 2020 12:57 pm
Having just one or a few noun-to-adjective derivational morphemes is boring. For some time now I've been thinking what are all the possible ways of semantic relationship between a noun and its derived adjective and how they could be unified in various categories. Here's some possible derivation patterns I've come up with, presumably corresponding roughly one-to-one with derivational morphemes:
Locative derivations
These include derivations such as place → local or country → domestic. They might be extended with various adverbs or adpositions for various aspects of motion, such as London → London-ILL-ADJ bus 'bus departing for London'.
Temporal derivations
These include derications such as day → diurnal or moment → momentary. May optionally include or be extended to repeating time periods, such as week → weekly.
Visual derivations
E.g. circle → round or human → humanoid.
Olfactory-gustatory derivations
E.g. salt → salty, lemon → lemon flavored or cinnamon → cinnamon flavored / smelling of cinnamon. May also include non food smells.
Having the properties of a concrete noun
E.g. mountain → mountainous, bark → rough. This category could easily be extended to be a catch-all derivation mechanism, or for new, unaccounted for semantic relationships.
Having the properties of an abstract noun
Could be conflated with the previous one, but I'm placing it on its own because it's so productive by itself. Examples include bravery → brave or youth → young. Of course, depending on the language, many derivations would actually be in the reverse direction (as in the first example).
I've got the feeling that I'm barely scratching the surface; I'm not talking about finer distinctions or juggling within said categories, but rather that there are whole classes of adjectives that can't be put in any of the aforementioned groups - what else could be added?
Locative derivations
These include derivations such as place → local or country → domestic. They might be extended with various adverbs or adpositions for various aspects of motion, such as London → London-ILL-ADJ bus 'bus departing for London'.
Temporal derivations
These include derications such as day → diurnal or moment → momentary. May optionally include or be extended to repeating time periods, such as week → weekly.
Visual derivations
E.g. circle → round or human → humanoid.
Olfactory-gustatory derivations
E.g. salt → salty, lemon → lemon flavored or cinnamon → cinnamon flavored / smelling of cinnamon. May also include non food smells.
Having the properties of a concrete noun
E.g. mountain → mountainous, bark → rough. This category could easily be extended to be a catch-all derivation mechanism, or for new, unaccounted for semantic relationships.
Having the properties of an abstract noun
Could be conflated with the previous one, but I'm placing it on its own because it's so productive by itself. Examples include bravery → brave or youth → young. Of course, depending on the language, many derivations would actually be in the reverse direction (as in the first example).
I've got the feeling that I'm barely scratching the surface; I'm not talking about finer distinctions or juggling within said categories, but rather that there are whole classes of adjectives that can't be put in any of the aforementioned groups - what else could be added?