Twin Aster

[Lērisama]

Ooh, very nice. I always like a nice explanatory Twin Aster post.

More: show

I spelt that as “defence” twice before getting it right!

Yes, that's because that's how you spell it. Nods in stubbornly Commonwealth English

[bradrn]

More: show

I spelt that as “defence” twice before getting it right!

Yes, that's because that's how you spell it. Nods in stubbornly Commonwealth English

I never have understood ‘defence’ vs ‘defense’ myself. Indeed, it took me some years before I even realised that there were two different spellings…

[Man in Space]

I have been wondering about CT, O, and their place in (and even just the place of) Beheic more generally. This is what I’ve come up with so far; behind the “more” tag is a somewhat stream-of-consciousness I was working things out with, if you’re curious.

Proto-Tim Ar-O phonology

/*m *n̪ *n *nʲ *ŋ/
/*p *pʰ *t̪ *t̪ʰ *t *tʰ *tʲ *tʲʰ *k *kʰ *q *qʰ *ʔ/
/*θ *s *ʃ *h/
/*β *ð *ɹ *j/
/*l/

/*a *ə *ɨ/

(C)(R)V(R)(ʔ)

Proto-Tim Ar-O to Classical ⅁are n Tim Ar

1. Vocalic Dispersal
   1. aβ əβ ɨβ > ɔ o u
   2. aj əj ɨj > ɛ e i
   3. a ə ɨ > ɛ e i / Cʲ_
   4. a ə ɨ > ɔ o u / P_
   5. ə ɨ > a i / {K,Q}(R)_
   6. ə ɨ > a i / _#
2. Tonogenesis
   1. [+syll] > [+tone] /([+asp],[+cont -son]) ([-syll]) _
   2. [+syll =fr/bk =hi/lo] > [+tone] / [+syll =fr/bk =hi/lo] _
   3. [+asp] [+cont -son] h > [-asp] [+son] Ø
3. Loss of final consonants
   1. [-syll -son] > Ø / _#
4. First spirantization
   1. [-syll -son -cont] > [+cont] / _{j,i,u} (except glottal stop)
5. Parasonorant high vowel deletion
   1. [-syll +hi] > Ø / _ [+son]
   2. [-syll +hi] > Ø / [+son] _
6. 7-to-5 vowel merger
   1. ɛ e ɔ o > e i o u
7. Second spirantization
   1. β ð ɹ l j > h θ s ɬ ʃ / _ʔ
   2. β ð ɹ l j > h θ s ɬ ʃ / ʔ_
   3. m n̪ n nʲ ŋ > p t̪ t tʲ k / _ʔ
   4. ʔ > Ø
8. Emergence of the CT vowel schema
   1. βE jB > [+ro] [-ro]
   2. [+syll +fr/bk ±hi ±tone ±ro][+syll +bk/fr +POA] > [±hi ±tone ±ro +POA]
   3. [+syll ±fr/bk ±hi/lo ±ro][+syll ±fr/bk ±hi/lo ±ro] > [+tone]
   4. [+syll +hi] > Ø / VC_#
9. *p-affectation (the conditioning for this might change later, TBD)
   1. ð ɹ l > tθ ts tɬ / _p
10. The Chain
    1. l > ʕ
    2. θ ð n̪ > ɬ l t
    3. s ʃ > θ s
    4. nʲ tʲ > n s
11. Plosive lenitions
    1. p q > h x
    2. t k > ɹ ʕ / V_
12. (The other allophonic changes in CT go here)

Proto-Tim Ar-O to O

I really don’t have much yet, as I was concentrating more on CT. I do know O is merge-happy; **ɨ and **ə merge into *e, the aspirate series merges into the tenuis series, and there's general merging of the sonorants. I'm going to try to see if I can’t epenthesize some sounds, particularly vowels or resonants, into the mix.

Tim Ar-O’s position within Beheic

I'm definitely thinking about reconstructing back to the second-order ancestor, Proto-Beheic (PB). PTO has a reduced system of vowels, so I’m thinking I can shuffle around suprasegmentals and secondary articulations or whatever and come up with something good. Probably a lot of vowel deletions and then consonants (particularly the fricatives merging into the sonorants in PTO, maybe stops too if the positioning gets all weird). Maybe have nasalization as a secondary contrast that is lost in PTO but causes nasals and what have you messing with other branches therefrom.

More: show

Refresher/(Self-)Reference

CT phonology is thus:

/m n ŋ/ m n ⅁
/t k/ t k
/θ s x h/ d s g h
/ɬ/ ł
/ɹ ʕ/ r ğ
/l/ l

/a e ø i y ɤ o ɯ u/ a e ö i ü ë o ï u
/á é ǿ í ý ɤ́ ó ɯ́ ú/ á é ô í û ê ó î ú
/m̩ n̩ ŋ̩ ɹ̩ l̩/ m n ⅁ r l

( C ) V ( C ) or, if a syllabic consonant was at the nucleus, ( C ) R.

PO was initially conceived as part of a challenge to make a conlang with only nine phonemes. What I used to have was:

/*p *t *k *|N| *h *j *w *ʁ *e/

- *p *t *k > *pf *ts *kx / _j
- *|N| *h *j *w *ʁ > *|N̩| *a *i *u *a / {C,#}_#
- *p *t *k > *β *z *ɣ / V_V (V in this case can be |N̩|)
- *p *t *k > *f *s *x / _#
- *|N| assimilates,

where *|N| *w *j *ʁ *h could stand as syllable nuclei, the last two surfacing as [a], but apparently the distribution of the allophony was complementary in some fashion so technically it could be analyzed as complementary distribution, or so I thought at the time. Anyway, it went under so many changes…until recently I ended up with this:

/*N/
/*p *t *k/
/*w j ʁ/

/*e/

( C ) [ R ( e ) / e ] ( C ), where R is any of the resonant consonants *N *w *j *ʁ.

Yes, I got rid of *h, at least as a phoneme (“phoneme”, ha ha) in its own right.

- *p *t *k > *pf *ts *kx / _{j,i}
- *N *w *j *ʁ > *N̩ *u *i *a / {C,#}_{C,#}
- *p *t *k > *β *z *ɣ / V_V (V ≠ N̩ or non-syllabic allophones and must stand as full vowels; there's some controversy over whether *z actually was, or alternated with, *ɹ)
- *p *t *k > *f *s *x / _#
- *Np *Nt *Nk > *mb *nd *ŋg
- *ʁ > *h / _e

How I have opted to romanize them, however…

[*p *t *k *w *j *ʁ] p t k w j r
[*mb *nd *ŋg] mb nd gg (but if the velar nasal is syllabic then it's written ngg)
[*ɸ *s *x *h] f s g h
[*β *z *ɣ] b z g
[*pɸ *ts *kx] pf ts kg
[*m̩ *n̩ *ŋ̩ *u *i *a] m n ng w j r

Priorities

When I first reconstructed PTO, it was on the basis of actually using O that I spotted the commonality, completely unintended, that led to their conjoint: in O, at least in the state it existed in back when I was still in college, had a genitive construction that surfaced differently depending on what the following sound was, such that if the following word began with a consonant, the particle was vocalic, and if it began with a vowel, then it was /n=/. I seem to recall that the pronouns in CT were formed based on those I had written down for O in some of my materials.

A few things that I need to have happen are

1. A tone split to occur; if the vowel had a voiceless onset or no onset, it acquired tone, which then leeched the functional load off of consonantal voicing
2. Fronting of alveolars and palatals to dentals and alveolars
3. Plausibly bust PO down to eight consonants

So the maximal syllable in PO is CRVC, and the maximal in CT is CVC. The *-e-infix suggests that CT may have coälesced from *Ge sequences in PTO. I don’t know if we can project tone all the way back to PTO^X.

Stream-of-Consciousness Notes

So, starting PTO phonology:

/*m *n̪ *n *nʲ *ŋ/
/*p *pʰ *t̪ *t̪ʰ *t *tʰ *tʲ *tʲʰ *k *kʰ *q *qʰ *ʔ/
/*f *θ *s *ʃ *χ *h/
/*β *ð *ɹ *j *ʁ/
/*ɬ/
/*l/

/*a *ɛ *e *i *ɔ *o *u/

( C ) ( R ) V ( R ) ( ʔ )

CT has syllabic consonants; PO also does, with its resonants able to stand in for full vowels. It's easier to get to a single “prime vowel” from three vowels than seven, so…given the utility of a syllable structure (C(R)V(R)(ʔ), we could even say PTO had just three vowels, *a *ə *ɨ. We can get the needed pre-CT seven-vowel system by:

aj əj ɨj > ɛ e i
aβ əβ ɨβ > ɔ o u

We could even theoretically generate the aspirates from *Ch sequences

In CT, we could have

Tonogenesis happened in the [size=85

Sound Changes to CT

1. Tonogenesis & deaspiration
   1. [-syll +asp] [-syll -vc] > [-asp] Ø
   2. [+syll] > [+tone] / {#,V}_
   3. [+syll] > [+tone] / [+asp]_
   4. [+syll] > [+tone] / [+cont -son]_
   5. [+asp] [+cont] > [-asp] [-cont +son]
2. First spirantization
   1. p t̪ t tʲ k q ʔ > f θ s ʃ x χ h / _{j,i,u}
3. Loss of high vowels near resonants
   1. {i,u} > Ø / _[+son]
   2. {i,u} > Ø / [+son]_
4. 7-to-5 merger
   1. ɛ e ɔ o > e i o u
5. Second spirantization
   1. β ð ɹ l j ʁ > ɸ θ s ɬ ʃ χ / ʔ_
   2. ʔ > Ø / _C
6. Continuant chain shift
   1. ɸ {x,χ} > hʷ h
   2. l ɬ θ ð > ʕ h ɬ l
   3. s ɹ ʃ j > θ ð s ɹ
   4. t̪ t tʲ > ? t̪ t
7. Vowel coälescence
   1. βE jB > [+ro] [-ro]
   2. [+syll +fr/bk ±hi ±tone ±ro][+syll +bk/fr +POA] > [±hi ±tone ±ro +POA]
   3. [+syll ±fr/bk][+syll ±fr/bk] > [+V +tone]
   4. [+syll -ro] > [+ro] / hʷ_
   5. hʷ > h
8. Debuccalization
   1. p ɸ q > Ø h x

( C ) ( R ) V ( R ) ( ʔ )

*a *ə *ɨ

hV > Ø ?

Final vowel loss?

*tem > tim [tim] ‘eternal’
*mikɔs > mho [m̩ho] ‘RECIPROCAL VOICE’
*tʲiʔom > sêm [sɤ́m] ‘LOCATIVE NOMINALIZER’
*paʔsað > hadál [haðál]
*ʔejeʔu > irü ‘DISCONTINUOUS PERFECTIVE’
*sɛp > réh [ɹéh] ‘INSTANCE/EXAMPLE NOMINALIZER’
*βe ‘being’ > ü ‘being (> DEF?)’
*ɹβe ‘beings’ > rü [ɹø] ‘population’ (retained alongside analogical plural ü ar? or just a suppletive plural => uri?)

káuθ < káuθi < káusi < káʔuʔsi < kʰapoʔje

kʰapoʔɹe > kápoʔɹe > kápuʔɹi > kápusi > káuθi > káuθ

*tuhukʰ > tuhuk > suhuk > suk

VRʔ > V depending on what R is (Vβ > B, Vj > E, Vʁ > a)
VRʔ > VF / _% in O




So what if we had something like...

/*m *n̪ *n *nʲ *ŋ/
/*p *t̪ *t *tʲ *k *q *ʔ/
/*f *θ *s *ʃ *χ *h/
/*w^Y *ð *ɹ *j *ʁ/
/*ɬ/
/*l/

/*a *ə *ɨ/ + length (denoted with a flying dot ⟨·⟩)

(C)(R)V(·)(R)(ʔ)

What I want is that, in CT, the outcome of *V(·)R% sequences have a subset such that *Ew *Bj would reflect as front rounded and back unrounded (respectively) vowels. *Bw *Ej would…hmm. I’m not sure what to do with them. But you’d at least have *aw *əw *ɨw reflect as *ɔ *o *u in CT (and *aj *əj *ɨj > *ɛ *e *i), which would allow the parasonorant high vowel deletion and subsequent 7-to-5 vowel shift to happen as they did originally.

So, in rough order…

Proto-Tim Ar-O phonology

/*m *n̪ *n *nʲ *ŋ/
/*p *pʰ *t̪ *t̪ʰ *t *tʰ *tʲ *tʲʰ *k *kʰ *q *qʰ *ʔ/
/*θ *s *ʃ *h/
/*β *ð *ɹ *j/
/*l/

/*a *ə *ɨ/

(C)(R)V(R)(ʔ)

#RV > #RV high tone, -RV > -RV low tone

Proto-Tim Ar-O to Classical ⅁are n Tim Ar

1. Vocalic Dispersal
   1. aβ əβ ɨβ > ɔ o u
   2. aj əj ɨj > ɛ e i
2. Tonogenesis
   1. [+syll] > [+tone] /([+asp],[+cont -son]) ([-syll]) _
   2. [+syll =fr/bk =hi/lo] > [+tone] / [+syll =fr/bk =hi/lo] _
   3. [+asp] [+cont -son] h > [-asp] [+son] Ø
3. First spirantization
   1. [-syll -son -cont] > [+cont] / _{j,i,u}
4. Parasonorant high vowel deletion
   1. [-syll +hi] > Ø / _ [+son]
   2. [-syll +hi] > Ø / [+son] _
5. 7-to-5 vowel merger
   1. ɛ e ɔ o > e i o u
6. Second spirantization
   1. β ð ɹ l j > h θ s ɬ ʃ / _ʔ
   2. β ð ɹ l j > h θ s ɬ ʃ / ʔ_
   3. ʔ > Ø
7. Radicalization of *l and subsequent pull chain
   1. l > ʕ
   2. θ {ð,n̪} > ɬ l
   3. s ɹ ʃ j > θ ð s ɹ
   4. {n̪,nʲ} > n
8. Emergence of the CT vowel schema
   1. βE jB > [+ro] [-ro]
   2. [+syll +fr/bk ±hi ±tone ±ro][+syll +bk/fr +POA] > [±hi ±tone ±ro +POA]
   3. [+syll ±fr/bk ±hi/lo ±ro][+syll ±fr/bk ±hi/lo ±ro] > [+tone]
9. Lenition of extreme plosives
   1. p q > h x

Proto-Tim Ar-O to Proto-O

*hV > Ø

• X As cool as that would be.
• Y It's probably more accurately /*β/, but it’s easier to type the w.

Length > əG in PO--*a· > *əʁ, *ə· > *?, *ɨ· > əj which then apophonizes out or w/e? PO dispenses with long vowels via breaking them, CT by high tone?

[Man in Space]

It occurred to me just now, about the conundrum I’ve been having with reconciling certain known “canon” parameters vis-à-vis CT, O, their relative positions both between them proper, Beheic languages generally, and history. I’ve been speaking of the “Tim Ar-O languages” for quite a while; of Beheic itself, not quite that long but also not exactly a new idea. I have been trying out sound change schemas in Brassica¹ to try to get something that felt right. Brassica worked well; nothing I could come up with seemed germane.

Instead of merely reconstructing the TO branch of Beheic, what is the source of the words in question? What if it was actually PB after all, and the TO node split from Core Beheic happened early on? This could also affect how tones were generated (if at all).

As it currently stands, what originally was just Proto-Tim Ar-O is now Proto-Beheic; the Tim Ar and O branches split in the midst of, or just after, the tonogenesis (i.e., for Proto-Tim Ar-O, the buck stops at the initial point of tonogenesis). Tim Ar didn't do anything fancier than high/nonhigh. O, on the other hand, kept innovating on the tone side of things but then somehow lost the tone feature entirely, which explains the large number of homophones, kind of like in some Chinese lects or that one dialect of Klingon that had the voiced stops merge into the nasals (or in the case of /ɖ/, reflect as [ɳ]). So, if that can be made to work plausibly, maybe that’s a longstanding issue solved.

Before the shared tonogenesis, there were a few other attributes that the TO branch ended up inheriting, some things slightly ahead in the queue of the order of operations. Might as well start with the famous² one: the “Great Vocalic Dispersal”. This is just an overly fancy way of saying that the vowel space in the language radically shifted in certain specific ways. It’s generally considered that the [something about the coda consonants and their uneven distribution due to, I guess, euphony?]. One may wonder why not simply reconstruct the vowel as just inherently rounded? Comparative method suggests that actual consonants were in there. In the TO branch, the (already heavily restricted) codas had all merged into *-β *-j *-ʁ.

Thus we can simultaneously innovate in one of several ways whilst still largely respecting extant canon.

The aspirate/tenuis series’ distribution is a function of the reflex of glottalization: A vowel that typically was understood to be glottalized ended up having a low tone and increasing voice onset time until the point where it stopped being a fight anymore.

glottalized > low tone > aspirate (positive VOT)

Proto-Beheic phonology

…would be something like this, then:

/*m *n̪ *n *nʲ *ŋ/
/*p *t̪ *t *tʲ *k *q *ʔ/
/*θ *s *ʃ *h/
/*β *ð *ɹ *ʁ/

/*a *ə *ɨ/, plus glottalization /*ˀ/

PB *(C)(R)V(ˀ)(D) > PTO *(C(ʰ))(R)V(G)

where R is any sonorant consonant and D is any sonorant consonant or *t̪ *t *tʲ.

Lenition comes with deglottalization?

Intervocalic lenition, blocked by vowel glottalization feature, subsequent lenition to different phone when glottalization converts to VOT

Proto-Beheic to Proto-Tim Ar-O

First lenition: *-p *-t̪ *-t *-tʲ {*-k,*-q} *-ʔ > *-β *-ð *-ɹ *-j *-ʁ *-ʔ / V _ {V,#}
Glottalic phonic forcing: *Vˀ > *V̀, thence > *hV if no onset, ʰV if *C(R)-, *R- > *F- (original *F unaffected)
The great vowel dispersal:

1. *{a,ə} *ɨ > *a *ɨ / _ ʁ, ʁ _ (phonation maintained)
2. *ʁ > *Ø / _ #
3. In syllables having coda *-j-, the central vowels front to *ɛ *e *i; with coda *-β-, they round (and back) to *ɔ *o *u.
4. Coda and intervocalic *β *j, once their effects have been transferred, disappear.
5. Now the onsets. Palatal onsets produce the fronted outcomes; labial ones, the rounded (and backed) ones.
6. *ə *ɨ > *a *i / {K,Q} (R) _ , _ (C) #
7. *{ə,ɨ} > *e…kind of speaks for itself, really.

The first tonogenesis:

1. *V₀V₀ > *V́₀
2. *V > *V́ / {[+asp],[+cont -son]} ([+son]) _
3. [+asp] [+cont -son] > [-asp] [+son]
4. *h > *Ø

And then it is here that Tim Ar and O part ways.

To CT

Final stop loss: Nothing too fancy here—*S > [/i]Ø / _#[/i].
First spirantization: *S > F / _{j,i,u} except *ʔ.
Parasonorant high vowel deletion: [+syll +hi] > Ø/ _ R, R _.
7-to-5 vowel merger: *ɛ *e *ɔ *o > e i o u.
Second spirantization: This is a bit of a misnomer as nasals were affected too.

1. [+syll +hi] > Ø / {C,V} V (C) (ʔ) _ #
2. *N *S > S F / _ʔ
3. *ɸ *θ *s *ɬ *ʃ *x *χ > u i i a i a a / ʔ _ #
4. *ʔ > Ø

Vowel system conversion: Oh, boy, here we go.

1. [+bk +ro] > [-bk +fr] / j _
2. [+fr -ro] > [-fr +bk] / β _
3. *{β,j} > Ø / C _ {a,á}
4. *β > Ø / _ [+fr +ro]
5. *j > Ø / _ [+bk -ro]
6. *β *j > p tʲ / _ V
7. *V₀V₀ > V́
8. [+syll +bk +ro] > [-bk +fr] / _ E
9. *E > Ø / [+syll +fr +ro] _
10. [+syll +fr -ro] > [-fr +bk] / _ B
11. B] > Ø / [+syll +bk -ro]

The Chain:

1. *l > ʕ
2. *θ *ð *t̪ *n̪ > ɬ l t n
3. *s *ʃ > θ s
4. *nʲ *tʲ > n s
5. *C > Ø / # p _ V

*p-affectation: *ð *ɹ *l > tθ ts tɬ with some conditioning involving *p (and maybe *k *q?)
Stop lenition:

1. *p *q > h x
2. *t *k > ɹ ʕ / [+vc] _ {[+vc],#}

Cleanup:

1. *h > Ø / # S _
2. [+syll +hi] > Ø / {V,C} F _ (not sure what I had in mind when I wrote that down but here it is)

Prenasal raising: *a *á > *æ *ǽ / _ N
Voicing rule: [-syll -vc] > [+vc] / [+vc] _ {[+vc],#} (*h exempted from this)
Needle clusters:

1. *nt > ndɹ
2. *θ *s *ɬ > d̪ð dz dɬ / {n,ɹ,l} _
3. *Ø > s / t _ k, k _ t

Prenasal low vowel raising: *a *á > æ ǽ / _ N.
[/list]

To PO

Thorns and palatals: *θ *ð were lost before a consonant and became h elsewhere; *t̪ *n̪ merged with plain ol’ t n, and all the palatals lenited to j.
Glottalic saps: *ʔB *ʔE > w j when following a vowel; initial *ʔV- sequences are lost thanks to the glottal stop spoiling the fun.
Glide fortition: *w *j *ʁ > *p *t *k in three environments: word-initially before another glide, following a word-initial glottal stop, or when geminate (i.e., like glides fortite the first).
*q who?: A merger of *q into k.
Terminal *-hV: *h + one of *u *ú *i *í becomes either of w j, as appropriate, word-finally.
Second tonogenesis:

1. *V́ʔ *Vʔ > *V̂ *V̀
2. *V (any tone) > *V̄ / [+syll] _
3. *B *A *E > *w *ʁ *j / _ [+syll]
4. *ww *ʁʁ *jj > *w *ʁ *j / #C_

Vowel height reduction: *ɔ in all tones becomes *wa (retaining the tone), and *i in all tones lowered to *e when adjacent to *j.
Loss of harmonic postglottal vocoids: This is just a fancy way of saying that when you have *-ʔji *-ʔwu (in all tones), it goes poof. gone.
Reassignment of neutral tone: The tone system, much like Mandarin, has four tones plus a “neutral” tone (heretofore denoted by its lack of a diacritic³); the neutral tone got reassigned. The neutral tone became circumflex except in three environments—

1. When the vowel in the next syllable carried a high tone, the neutral tone became high as well;
2. When word-finally or immediately before a word-final nasal and the vowel in the penult was not low-tone, the vowel was lost entirely; and
3. When word-final or preceding a word-final *w *j (not *ʁ) though), the vowel instead took the mid tone.

Nasal jettison: *m became *w when initial and *p otherwise; *ŋ became *k in all positions.
Mid-front mergers: The *ɛ vowel, in all its tones, raised to and merged with corresponding *e. All tones of *a became *ʁ when standing after *e.
Droppage of final -*ʔV: Final sequences of glottal stop plus any vowel drop.
Final-*is: *i in all tones becomes corresponding *e word-finally before a glottal stop (which then deletes).
Tone abandon: Tone was lost; if the vowel was low, mid, or circumflex and preceded a glide (i.e., one of *w *j *ʁ), it left behind a glottal stop.
Postglottalic glide fortition: The sequences *ʔw *ʔj *ʔʁ became *p *t *k; when one of *p *t *k + glide followed, the glottal stop instead became *w *j *ʁ, as appropriate.
*o fortuna: Before *e, the sequences *jo *ju became *j *w. Remaining *jo became *ja instead; the leftover *o merged with *u.
Lambda loss: *l became *nt when intervocalic and *n elsewhere.
*e-ncore: Initial *eC- sequences metathesized, with the resulting *-eV- sequence changing the latter element to its corresponding glide. Additionally, word-initially or after a word-initial consonant, *-ee- sequences become *-je-.
Loss of initial prelaryngeal vowels: *V₀- > *Ø / # _ h V₀.
PO allophonic processes: The synchrony of Proto-O.

1. *-p *-t *-k > *-f *-s *-x
2. *p *t *k > *pf *ts *kx / _{j,i}
3. *n > *m / _pf
4. *n > *ŋ / _kx
5. *t > *d / n_{R,V,#}
6. *np *ng > *mb *ŋg / when not _{f,x}
7. *aG- > *ʁa-
8. *a > *ʁ / _e
9. *ʁ > *k / _ʁ

So, uh…yeah, I think that works!

1. Brassica is awesome. bradrn, thank you so much for this tool, and for sharing it with us.
2. In-universe.
3. Which makes writing about the vowel all at once tricky.

[Lērisama]

I just wanted to say, I've been enjoying seeing you gradually work out how to make this family work, and replacing and moving bits between revisions, and this installment is no exception.

[bradrn]

Brassica is awesome. bradrn, thank you so much for this tool, and for sharing it with us.

Thank you for the compliment! Now I’ll have to find the time to read this post…