Zompist Bboard Again

Sogeram is a small branch of Madang which makes it likely TNG. There's little hope of fleshing out TNG, but if I can find any other good lower-level TNG reconstructions I'll chuck them in this thread; anyone else with relevant resources is welcome to do so too.

I've used IPA for modern examples because Daniels always provides a one-to-one key. Also I've removed the ambiguity between voiced and prenasalised stops, which Daniels acknowledges is ambiguous in the source. I know it doesn't hold true to the original source but since it's explicitly discussed I think it should be ok.
The source is a good one; it's laid out clearly and always notes non-IPA usage so it's a clear 3 stars for transcription. Ordering is generally discussed when relevant, although sometimes changes which don't affect an entire branch are listed in the protolanguage section. Exhaustivity is as good as can be expected. Detail is usually good but often just ends up being "sporadic".

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Source: Daniels, D. R. "A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram: Phonology, Lexicon, and Morphosyntax". Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara. 2015.
Transcribed by: Darren
Reviewed by: (none)
Ordering ★★☆
Exhaustivity ★☆☆
Detail ★☆☆
Consensus ★★★
Transcription ★★★



Proto-Sogeram inventory:

Consonants:

*p	*t		*k	*kw
*m	*n	*ñ	*ŋ
*v	*s
	*r

Vowels:

*i		*u
	*ɨ
	*a

Suprasegmantals:

• "Stress [...] was probably [...] word-final in PSog."

Non-IPA correspondences:

Symbol	Likely IPA	Notes
*kw	[kʷ]
*v	[ɸ~β]	"*[ɸ] word-initially and *[β] elsewhere"
*ñ	[ɲ]
*i	[i~j]	"When *ia and *ua were not preceded by a consonant, the first vowel was realized as a consonant, *[j] or *[w]."
*u	[u~w]	"When *ia and *ua were not preceded by a consonant, the first vowel was realized as a consonant, *[j] or *[w]."
*h	[ɣ]	Not in Proto-Sogeram itself

1. Proto-Sogeram to Proto-West Sogeram
*v → *w ("it is unclear whether that change happened in PWS or only in Nend")
*{p t k kʷ m n ŋ v s r) → *Ø /#_$
*ñ → ñ, n /#_ ("in one [dialect of Proto-West Sogeram], initial *ñ was simply retained [...] in the other, initial *ñ became *n at the same time as the loss of initial consonants")
*ki → *c /_#

1.1. Proto-West Sogeram to Man
*N → Ø /_P (when homorganic)
*ñk → c
*k kw → h /V_V ("sporadic")
*a → ɨ ("occasionally [...] in the middle of a longer word")
*a → Ø /V{s m n ñ ŋ r}_#
*a → ɨ /#C_#
*a → ɨ /{p t k kʷ}_#
*m n ɲ ŋ → ᵐb ⁿd ᶮɟ ᵑg /_V !_VN#
*ŋ → ɣ /_# (ordering with previous change indeterminate)
*i u → ʒ β /#_a ("not completely regular")


1.2 Proto-West Sogeram to Nend
*s → tʃ /_i
*s → z ("apparently irregular [...] primarily in the Northern dialect")
*p t k kʷ → β ɾ ɣ ɣʷ /V_(r)V !_ɨ ("this change was sporadic, and sometimes plosives did not voice even though they occurred in the triggering environment")
*mp nt ŋk ŋkʷ → ᵐb ⁿd ᵑg ᵑgʷ /V_V !_ɨ ("this change was sporadic, and sometimes plosives did not voice even though they occurred in the triggering environment")
*i → Ø /C_#
*n → r /_# !NV_ ("reflected fairly consistently")
*a → Ø /#_ ("sporadic [...] appears to have been quite infrequent")
*i u → e o /_Ca ("sporadic [...] more common in the north, but [...] not fully regular anywhere")
*v → w


2. Proto-Sogeram to Proto-Central Sogeram
*mp nt ŋk ŋkʷ ns → *ᵐb ⁿd ᵑg ᵑgʷ ⁿz /V_(r)V
*N{p t k kʷ s} → *Nɨ{ᵐb ⁿd ᵑg ᵑgʷ ⁿz}
*kʷɨ kʷ → *ku
*kua → *ku ("sometimes")
*kʷ → *kw
*mp nt ŋk → *ᵐb ⁿd ᵑg /V_V
*p t k → *β r ɣ /r_
*p t k → *β r ɣ /_r !#_
*k → *ɣ /_w
*i a → *ɨ /C_C.CV# ("open penults were apparently unaffected")
*wV → *u
*(ɨ)N → Ø /$_# (not in "short monosyllables", did not occur in Apalɨ; in Manat "primarily affected the non-labial nasals [...] while *m was usually retained")
*u → *v /#_a (except in Apalɨ; distinct from original *v which was voiceless)
*ua → *ɨva /V_V

2.1 Proto-Central Sogeram to Manat
*p t k → β ɾ ɣ /#_
*C → Ø /#_ ("sporadic" and likely from "intense contact with Nend")
*uC → Cw /#_ ("sometimes [...] may have been a regular process when the vowel was *ɨ")
*u → Ø /#_ ("appears to be currently undergoing")

2.2 Proto-South Central Sogeram to Apalɨ
*p t k → β ɾ ɣ /#_
*añ ɨñ → an in
*ñ → n
*N → ŋ /_# ("occasionally left the nasals *m and *n unaffected")
*Ø → ŋ /_# (sporadic, "presumably by analogy")
*k ᵑg → tʃ ⁿdʒ /_i
*s → tʃ /_{i ɨ} ("with much less regularity" and "common, although not universal" in forms that "also contained other palatal consonants")
*Ø → ɨ /C_C
*Ø → ɨ /C[–nasal]_# ("sometimes, the paragogic vowel was i instead of ɨ, although this was not very common")
*p t k → β ɾ ɣ /V_V (confined to Akɨ dialect, removing all instances of voiceless stops outside of borrowings)
*v → f ("inter-dialect borrowing as well as irregular phonetic change")
*ai → e !_V
*ⁿz → ⁿdʒ

2.3 Proto-Central Sogeram to Proto-North Central Sogeram
*v → *p /#_
*v → *u, v /_#
*au → *av (sometimes causing epenthesis of u or ɨ)
*ɨr → *Ø /N_#
*r → *Ø /_#
*i → *Ø /#_, _# ("many instances" although "irregular")
*p t k → *v r h /V_V ("sporadic [...] it seems likely that this sound change originated in Akɨ [dialect of Apalɨ] and spread irregularly through the speech community that was a parent to Acɨ, Mum and Sirva")


2.3.1 Proto-North Central Sogeram to Mum
*{k g h} {u} → {kʷ gʷ ɣʷ} (ɨ) /_#
*i ia → ɲi ɲa /#_{N ᵐb ⁿd ᵑg} (possibly through intermediate *jɨ)
*V → ɨ /C_$# ("sporadic")


2.3.2 Proto-North Central Sogeram to Sirva
*ai → e
*au → o ("sometimes")
*ɨ → i /_C(C)i ("often")
*ɨ → u /_C(C)u ("often")
*i u → ja wa /#_ ("this change was not fully regular")
*h → Ø /ɨ_i


3. Proto-Sogeram to Proto-East Sogeram
*mp nt ŋk ŋkʷ → *ᵐb ⁿd ᵑg ᵑgʷ ("it is unclear how this change affected *ns")
*p t k → *Ø /N_ (when not homorganic)
*i u → *e o /C_# (in Kursav and Gants only, "this change also appears to have preceded word-final nasal delection")
*N → *Ø /_# ("only affected the Aisi languages and Kursav; Gants only underwent sporadic word-final *m-loss")
*ɨ → *i /_C(C)i
*ɨ → *u /_C(C)u ("less regular" than the previous change, "Gants, in particular, usually did not participate in these changes")
*i u → *e o /C_C(C)a (Kursav and Gants only)
*u → *wa /#_C(C)a (Kursav and Gants only)


3.1 Proto-East Sogeram to Proto-Aisi
*N → *ŋ /_# ("sporadic")
*i → *ɨ /{p t k kʷ}_#
*i → *Ø /_#
*i → *ɨ /#C_# (uncertain")
*ᵐb ⁿd ᵑg ᵑgʷ → *b d g gʷ ("merging [Proto-Eastern Sogeram] *b and *v in non-initial position")
*r → *Ø /V_k, ŋ_
*a → *ɨ /_#
*ai au → *e u
*ñ → *n (merger with *n [...] often happened with raising of adjacent vowels")


3.1.1 Proto-Aisi to Aisi Magɨ
*v → b /#_
*r → i /_# (in "a couple [of] examples")


3.1.2 Proto-Aisi to Aisi Mabɨŋ
*i u → e o /_C(C)ɨ ("appears to be a consistent change")
*i u → e o /aC(C)_, _C(C)a
*i u → e o /_# ("occasionally")
*akʷ agʷ → ok og
*kʷa → ko (in one example)
*d → r !#_ (merging with *r to form a phoneme /d/ with non-initial allophone [ɾ])
*vɨ → u /#_
*v → u /#_C
*v → w /_V


3.2 Proto-East Sogeram to Kursav
*ŋr → ɣr (in one example)
*t → r /#_ ("in most cases" and "follow[ing] the creation of inaliable possession prefixes for body parts")
*e → a ("some instances")
*ɨñ → in ("may have extended back to preceding syllables)
*ñ → n ("may have also sometimes affected a following vowel")
*u → wa /#_ ("may not have been fully regular")


3.4 Proto-East Sogeram to Gants
*ŋk ns → j /_i ("problematic")
*t → r /V_ ("eliminated the distinction between [Proto-Eastern Sogeram] *t and *r")
*v → p /%_ (with common fricated allophones)
*v → u, o /_%
*r → i /_#, V_C (merging with preceding *i ɨ; "does not appear to have been fully regular")

I have absolutely no idea how you manage to transcribe this stuff so quickly. I’ll have my work cut out trying to keep up with the webpages!

bradrn wrote: ↑Sun Oct 01, 2023 12:35 am I have absolutely no idea how you manage to transcribe this stuff so quickly. I’ll have my work cut out trying to keep up with the webpages!

Just data entry really. Most of it's pretty easily extractable, especially for the Sogeram source.


Awyu-Dumut languages

Another TNG branch. Well, technically a sub-sub-sub-branch. It's part of the Greater Awyu branch, which is a sister to Ok (which I think I might be able to rustle up some changes for) and Kamula–Elevala in the Awyu-Ok family, which is from the Central West New Guinea branch of TNG. As for terminology, there's some orthographic differences with language names, and also sometimes Greater Awyu is called Digul River.

There's three sources I'm using for this, all of which have pros and cons. The newest is presumably the most reliable, but it doesn't include lower-level sub-groupings which is cringe. The oldest goes into vowels a lot more, but the newest one has some significant differences there arising from the new data gathered since the 70s. Voorhoeve's is more comprehensive with the consonants, but ignores the vowels entirely. None of them really discuss ordering and there's clearly a lot of changes missing from lack of data. Transcription is generally pretty good however. The three sources reconstruct different PAD inventories which are pretty significantly different so I've included all of them below.

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Sources

Healey, A. "Proto-Awyu-Dumut Phonology". In Wurm, S.A. and Laycock, D.C. editors, Pacific linguistic studies in honour of Arthur Capell. C-13:997-1064. 1970.
DOI: 10.15144/PL-C13.997
Transcribed by: Darren
Reviewed by: (none)
Ordering ☆☆☆
Exhaustivity ★☆☆
Detail ★☆☆
Consensus ★★★
Transcription ★★★

Voorhoeve, C.L. "Proto Awyu-Dumut phonology II". In Pawley, A., Ross, M. and Tryon, D. editors, The boy from Bundaberg: Studies in Melanesian linguistics in honour of Tom Dutton. 2001.
DOI: 10.15144/PL-514.361
Transcribed by: Darren
Reviewed by: (none)
Ordering ☆☆☆
Exhaustivity ☆☆☆
Detail ★☆☆
Consensus ★★★
Transcription ★★★

Wester, R. "A Linguistic History of Awyu-Dumut: morphological study and reconstruction of a Papuan language family". PhD dissertation, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
Transcribed by: Darren
Reviewed by: (none)
Ordering ☆☆☆
Exhaustivity ★☆☆
Detail ★☆☆
Consensus ★★★
Transcription ★★★


Proto-Awyu-Dumut Phonology

Source: Haley 1970

Consonants:

(*p)	*t	*k
*b	*d	*g
*f	*s	*x
*m	*n
	*r
*w	*y

Vowels:

*i	*ü		*u
*e		*ö	*o
*ɛ
		*a

Non-IPA correspondences:

Symbol	Likely IPA	Notes
*x	[x~ɣ]	In Proto-Awyu-Dumut "voiceless in initial and final positions [...] and voiced in intervocalic position"
*n	[n~ŋ~Ṽ]	In Proto-Awyu-Dumut "*n had a velar allophone preceding *g"; in Proto-Awyu "word-final *n was manifested as nasalization of the preceding vowel [and] had a velar allophone preceding *g."
*ö	[ɵ]	"A mid close central rounded vowel"
*ü	[y]	"A high close front rounded vowel"
*y	[j]	Listed alongside *w
*k	[k~k̬~g]	In proto-Dumut, Kaeti and Wambon "medial and final *k was voiced between vowels"; in Kaeti "initial k is voiced if the preceding word ends in a nasal"

Source: Voorhoeve 2001

Consonants:

*p	*t	*k
*b	*d	*g
	*s
*m	*n
	*r
*w	*y

Vowels:
Not discussed


Non-IPA correspondences:

Symbol	Likely IPA	Notes
*p	[p̚~β~ɸ~p͡ɸ]	In Proto-Awyu-Dumut "*p was an unreleased stop in word-final position; intervocalically it was a voiced bilabial fricative and word-initially it may have been a voiceless bilabial fricative or affricate"; in Proto-Dumut "initially and medially *p was probably a bilabial fricative"
*t	[t~t͡s~s]	"When preceding a high or front vowel [...] probably had a fricative or affricate allophone"
(*)x	[x~ɣ]	Described as "a voiced velar fricative" in at least the Dumut languages; "a velar fricative with voiced and unvoiced allophones" in Proto-Dumut at least
*k	[k~ɣ]	In Proto-Awyu-Dumut "had a fricative allophone [x] at least when followed by /a/ or /o/"
(*)b	[b~ᵐb]	Used for both voiced and voiced prenasalised stops
(*)d	[d~ⁿd]	Used for both voiced and voiced prenasalised stops
(*)g	[g~ᵑg]	Used for both voiced and voiced prenasalised stops
*s	[t͡s]	In Proto-Awyu-Dumut "initial *s was an affricate [tˢ]"
*r	[ɾ~l]	In Proto-Awyu-Dumut "may have had both flapped and lateral allophones"
*y	[j]	Listed alongside *w
j	[d͡ʒ~ⁿd͡ʒ]	Described as a "voiced palato-alveolar affricate" and listed with other prenasalised stops
v	[v~β]	Described as "a voiced bilabial fricative" in at least the Dumut languages
ü	[y]	"A rounded high front vowel"
(*)f	[ɸ~β]	"A bilabial fricative with voiced and unvoiced allophones" in Proto-Dumut at least

Source: Wester 2014

Consonants:

*p	*t	*k
*mb	*nd	*ŋg
*m	*n
*w	*y
	*r

Vowels:

*i	*ü		*u
*e			*o
*ɛ
		*a

Non-IPA correspondences:
(All explicitly stated other than <mb nd ŋg> for [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑg])

Symbol	Likely IPA	Notes
mb	[ᵐb]
nd	[ⁿd]
ŋg	[ᵑg]
f	[ɸ]
v	[β]
w	[β]
x	[x~ɣ]
y	[j]
ü	[y]
ö	[ø]

1. Proto-Awyu-Dumut to Kombai
Source: Voorhoeve 2001
*p → Ø, f /_#
*p → f (elsewhere)
*t → Ø, l /_#
*t → r (elsewhere)
*k → Ø, x /_#
*k → x (elsewhere)
*s → r
*m → n, [+nasal] /_#
*r → l /#_{u, o}
*w → f /#_i
*y → Ø /_i
*y → y, f

Source: Wester 2014
*p → f /#_, V_V
*p → f, Ø /_# (possibly underlying /f/ in all cases)
*t → r /#_, V_V
*t → l, Ø /_#
*k → x /#_, V_V
*k → x, Ø /_#
*mb nd → b d
*ŋg → g /#_
*n → Ø, n /_#
*r → r, l /V_V
*y → Ø, y


2. Proto-Awyu-Dumut to Proto-Dumut
Source: Healey 1970
*ɛ → *e
*k → *Ø /_# ("in PD verb stems")
*f → *w, Ø
*mb nd ŋg → *ᵐb ⁿd ᵑg /V_V
*r → *y ("in three instances")
*x → *Ø /_# (in "verb stems")
*x → k
*b d g → *ᵐb ⁿd ᵑg

Source: Voorhoeve 2001
(no changes noted)


2.1. Proto-Dumut to Digul-Wambon
Source: Voorhoeve 2001
*p → h /#_
*p → w /V_V
*t → s /_{i, e}
*k → x /V_V
*r → l
*y → Ø /_{i, e}

Source: Wester 2014 (note: includes all changes from Proto-Awyu-Dumut)
*p → h /#_
*p → w /V_V
*t → t, s /#_
*t → t, s, l /V_V
*k → x /V_V
*r → l
*y → Ø
*ü → i


2.2. Proto-Dumut to Yonggom-Wambon
Source: Healey 1970 (referred to as "Wambon")
*i → e ("occasionally")
*ü → u ("occasionally")
*ü → i ("usually")
*ö → u

Source: Voorhoeve 2001
*p → Ø /#_
*p → w /V_V
*j → r (uncertain if *j existed)

Source: Wester 2014 (note: includes all changes from Proto-Awyu-Dumut)
*p → Ø /#_
*p → w /V_V
*t → t, s /#_
*t → t, s, r /V_V
*k → x /V_V
*ü → i


2.3. Proto-Dumut to Kaeti/Mandobo
Source: Healey 1970
*s → t
*m → n /_# ("in all verb stems and in some non-verbs, but remains m in other non-verbs")
*w → Ø /V_V
*y → Ø /_#
*w y → Ø /#_ ("sometimes")
*r → Vr /#_ ("often", "no apparent conditioning factors", "the particular prosthetic vowel which developed depended on the vowel of the first syllable of the proto-form")
*a → e /_C(C)i
*a → o /_C(C)ü
*u → o ("sometimes in polysyllabic words")
*ö → e ("occasionally")
*ɔ → a
*i → e ("occasionally")

Source: Voorhoeve 2001
*p → Ø /#_, V_V
*s → t
*w → Ø, w
*y → Ø /_{i, e}
*j → r (uncertain if *j existed)

Source: Wester 2014 (note: includes all changes from Proto-Awyu-Dumut)
*p → Ø /#_, V_V
*t → t, r /V_V
*k → g /V_V
*m → m, n /_#
*y → Ø, y
*u → ö
*a → o /_C(a,o,u)
*a → e /_C(e,i)


3. Proto-Awyu-Dumut to Proto-Awyu
Source: Voorhoeve 2001
*p → *Ø /_#
*p → *f /#_, V_V
*t → *Ø /_#
*k → *Ø /_#
*k → *x /_{a, o}
*m → *n /_#

Source: Healey 1970
*m → *n /_#
*ö → *u
*p t k → *k /_# ("in verb stems")
*p t k → *Ø /_# ("in most non-verbs")
*y → *Ø /_# ("in non-verbs")
*m → *b ("in two instances")
*n → *g ("in one instance")


3.1 Proto-Awyu to Aghu
Source: Healey 1970
*x → ɣ
*r → Ø /#_, V_V
*t → s /{V,#}_{i, e, ɛ, ü, u}
*m → n /_# ("in a non-verb", "one instance")
*e → i ("usually")
*e → ɛ ("occasionally")

Source: Voorhoeve 2001
*t → s /_{i, u, e}
*r → Ø

Source: Wester 2014 (note: includes all changes from Proto-Awyu-Dumut)
*p → f /#_, V_V
*p → Ø /_#
*t → t, s /#_, V_V
*t → Ø /_#
*k → x /{V,#}_{a,o}
*k → Ø /_#
*mb nd → b d
*ŋg → g, ŋg
*r → Ø /#_
*y → Ø, y
*e → i ("frequently")


3.2 Proto-Awyu to Pisa
Source: Healey 1970
*g k x → Ø /_# ("in a verb stem")
*x → ɣ
*t → s /{V,#}_{i, e, ɛ, ü, u}
*m → n /_# ("in a non-verb", "one instance")
*e → i
*ɛ → e ("in half the instances")
*ü → u

Source: Voorhoeve 2001
*t → s /_V !_{a, o}

Source: Wester 2014 (note: includes all changes from Proto-Awyu-Dumut)
*p → f /#_, V_V
*p → Ø /_#
*t → t, s /#_, V_V
*k → x /{V,#}_{a,o}
*mb nd → b d
*ŋg → g, ŋg
*ü → u
*e → i ("frequently")


3.3 Proto-Awyu to Shiaxa
Source: Healey 1970
*g k x → Ø /_# ("in a verb stem")
*n → Ø /_# ("in a non-verb", "usually lost when it remained word-final")
*e → ɛ ("occasionally")
*ɛ → e ("often")
*ü → u

Source: Voorhoeve 2001
*n → Ø /_#

Source: Wester 2014 (note: includes all changes from Proto-Awyu-Dumut)
*p → f /#_, V_V
*p → Ø /_#
*t → t, Ø /_#
*k → x /{V,#}_{a,o}
*mb nd ŋg → b d g
*m → Ø /_#
*n → Ø /_#
*u → o, u
*ü → u


3.4 Proto-Awyu to Yenimu
Source: Healey 1970
*g k x → Ø /_# ("in a verb stem")
*n → Ø /_# ("in a non-verb")
*ɛ → e ("often")
*u → o
*ü → u

Source: Wester 2014 (note: includes all changes from Proto-Awyu-Dumut)
*p → f /#_, V_V
*p → Ø /_#
*t → Ø /_#
*k → x /{V,#}_{a,o}
*k → Ø /_#
*mb nd ŋg → b d g
*m → Ø /_#
*n → Ø /_#
*u → o
*ü → u
*e → i ("frequently")


3.6 Proto-Awyu-Dumut to Korowai
Source: Wester 2014
*p → f /#_
*t → l /_#
*k → x /#_, V_V
*mb nd → b d
*r → l /#_
*w → f

Kamula-Elevala

The second branch (out of three) of Awyu-Ok. Only three languages; Aekyom and Pa form a sub-family although the shared changes are not discussed in the source. Changes are pretty good but probably missing stuff; it's all in IPA though which is pretty nice.
No work has been done on Awyu-Ok to proto-Ok, proto-Awyu-Dumut and proto-Kamula-Elevala although there are some fairly good cognates.


Sources

Suter, E. and Usher, T. "The Kamula-Elevala Language Family". In "Language & Linguistics in Melanesia" Vol. 35, 2017.
Transcribed by: Darren
Reviewed by: (none)
Ordering ☆☆☆
Exhaustivity ★☆☆
Detail ★★☆
Consensus ★★★
Transcription ★★★


Proto-Kamula-Elevala phonology:

Consonants:

*p	*t		*k
	*d		*g
*m	*n *N
	*s		*h
*w		*j

"External evidence shows that pKE *p comes from earlier *b and pKE *h comes from *p [...] Areal comparison suggests that the shift *p > *ɸ > *h is a relatively recent phenomenon and may have swept across the Kamula-Elevala languages after their separation."

Possible alternative Proto-Kamula-Elevala consonant inventory:

*p	*t		*k
*b	*d		*g
*m	*n *N
	*s
*w		*j

Vowels:

*i		*u
*e		*o
*æ	*a	*ɔ

Suprasegmentals:

• "All three [Kamula-Elevala] languages are tonal, but [...] we have been unable to incorporate it into our reconstrictions."
• "The role stress played in the history of the Kamula-Elevala languages is not well understood"

Non-IPA correspondences

Symbol	Likely IPA	Notes
*N	?	Nasal consonant of unknown realisation; "*-N- captures the correspondence set /ɺ : ɺ : ɺ/ whereas *-n- captures the set /n : ɺ : ɺ/"

1. Proto-Kamula-Elevala to Aekyom
*m → b /#_
*N → ɺ /V_V
*p t k → pʰ tʰ kʰ /#_
*d → ɺ /V_V
*j → Ø /V_V
*æ → e /VC_#
*o → u
*ɔ → o
*a → e /_Cæ#
*ai → i
*V[-stress] → Ø /#C_CV
*p → w /#P_


2. Proto-Kamula-Elevala to Pa
*n → ɺ /V_V
*N → ɺ /V_V
*p → b /V_V
*t → ɺ /V_V
*k → ɣ /V_V
*d → Ø /V_V
*j → Ø /V_V
*i → e, ɛ /aC_
*e → e, ɛ
*o → o, ɔ ("[o] mostly reflexts *o")
*ɔ → ɔ, o ("[ɔ] mostly reflexts *ɔ")
*a → e, ɛ /_Ci
*a → æ /_Cæ#
*ai → æ


3. Proto-Kamula-Elevala to Kamula
*n → ɺ /V_V ("there is a tendency for words with /-ɺ-/ < *-n- to have nasalized vowels")
*N → ɺ /V_V
*k → Ø /#_
*d → ɺ /V_V
*g → Ø /#_
*i → u, o~ɔ /uC_ ("The Kamula practical orthography [...] does not differentiate between the phonemes /o/ and /ɔ/")
*ai → e, æ