Compilation of natlang challenges from the old board (p. 1-37 so far)
More: show
Hmong Daw
/pʰ p pˡʰ pˡ tʰ t ʈʰ t cʰ c kʰ k qʰ q ʔ/
/ᵐpʰ ᵐb ᵐpˡʰ ᵐbˡ ⁿtʰ ⁿd ᶯʈʰ ᶯɖ ᶮcʰ ᶮɟ ᵑkʰ ᵑɡ ᶰqʰ ᶰɢ/
/tsʰ ts tʂʰ tʂ/
/ⁿtsʰ ⁿdz ⁿtʂʰ ⁿdʐ/
/f v s ɬ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ h/
/m̥ m m̥ˡ mˡ n̥ n ɲ̥ ɲ/
/a e ẽ~ʌŋ ɔ ɔ̃~oŋ i ɨ u/
/ai aɨ au iə uə/
Tones: high, mid, low, high falling, mid rising, low creaky, mid-falling breathy (pɔ́ pɔ pɔ̀ pɔ̂ pɔ̌ pɔ̰̀ pɔ̤̂)
Low creaky tone is realized phrase-finally as a long low rising tone.
Example: tʰa̰u˩ tsɔ̤˧˩ pe˥ ca̤u˧˩ la̰ɨ˩ saɨ˧˦ daɨ˩ tʰiə˥˧ tau˧ n̥a˧˦ kʰau˥ ᶮcaɨ˩ tʂʰi̤ə˧˩. ʝa̰˩ ʐɔ̃˧ tʂʰa˥˧ pˡaɨ˩ ma˩, ne˥˧ ʝuə˧˦ tʂṵ˩ mu˩ ᶯʈʰiə˧˦ nṳ˧˩ çuə˩ sai˥ lṳə˧˩ muə˥˧ ke˧˦ pa˥ hɔ̰˩ da˥ tʂi˧ ɲo˥ ᶮɟi̤˧˩ i˥ cʰẽ˥ tʂa̰˩ ⁿda̰ɨ˩ ne˥˧.
Akhvakh
/p pʼ b t tʼ d k kː kʼ kʼː g ʔ/
/m n/
/t͜s t͜sː t͜sʼ t͜sʼː t͜ʃ t͜ʃː t͜ʃʼ t͜ʃʼː d͜ʒ t͜ɬ t͜ɬː t͜ɬʼ t͜ɬʼː q͡χ q͡χː q͡χʼ q͡χʼː/
/v s sː z ʃ ʃː ʒ ɬ ɬː ç x xː ɣ ħ ʕ h/
/r/
/l j/
/ħ ʕ/ may actually be /ʜ ʢ/, or allophones, or something. The article notes a reliance on older sources and mentions this uncertainty.
/a aː e eː i iː o oː u uː/
Example sentences:
jaʃe q͡χ'ːeɬːa jete jiːni
ak'ːode riɬ'ːi biʒe q͡χ'ːeːni
Seri
/p t k kʷ ʔ/
/ɸ s ɬ ʃ x xʷ χ χʷ/
/m n/
/j/
/l ɾ/ (only in loanwords)
/ɛ ɛː ɑ ɑː i iː o oː/
* /m/ is realized as [w̃] + nasalization of the following vowel after velar stops.
* Non-rounded vowels are realized as diphthongs [ɛo̯ ɑo̯ iu̯] before rounded consonants.
* Stress is contrastive. Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a root. The sample text only marks stress when it's not on the first syllable of the word.
Sample text:
oχ iˈpɑktɑ iti, ʃɑːx pɑk ʔɑkiχ tɑʔkɑ mɑ, kʷsiːɸp tɑ mɑ, ʔɑpχɑ ʃo tok kopom iʔo χ, tok kʷpoːp iʔo, oχ χɑʔ ʃo ʔɑiː ʔɑ. ʔɑpχɑ tikom oːt kop iˈtɑʔo, ʔɑɬχ itiˈχiːm, ʔɑɬχ iːx kʷkɑ ʔiː, ʔɑχ tɑˈʔiː ʔɑχ tɑː mɑ, ʃiːχ kiʔ iti kʷpoˈpɑktɑ tɑ, ʃiːχ kiʔ iti kʷisʃɑχʷ ʔɑ ʃo kʷiˈsiːʔkɑ ʔɑ, ʃ iˈpɑktɑ ʃ iˈmɑ, ʔɑχ tɑˈʔiː ʔɑχ mɑː χo ʃɑːx kiʔ iːʃk kiʔ koˈɬɛːkp koːm kom iti tinoɬ, koˈɬɛːki iˈtɛːtoɬ, tok kʷtɑp, jokɛ.
Zhuang
/pʲ p t kʲ k kʷ/
/ɓ ɗ/
/β f θ ɕ ɣ h/
/mʲ m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ/
/l j/
/a aː e o oː i ɯ u/
Tones: ˨˦ ˧˩ ˥ ˦˨ ˧˥ ˧
poːu˦˨poːu˦˨ maː˨˦ taŋ˧˩ laː˥ɓɯn˨˦ ɕoːu˧ mi˧˩ ɕɯ˨˦joːu˧˩, ɕin˧jen˧˩ ɕau˧˥ ken˧˩li˨˦ poːu˦˨poːu˦˨ piŋ˧˩taŋ˥. kʲoŋ˧˥ βun˧˩ mi˧˩ li˥θiŋ˨˦ ɕau˧˥ lieŋ˧˩θim˨˦, ɯŋ˨˦taːŋ˨˦ taːi˧ kʲoŋ˧˥ te˨˦ lum˥ pei˦˨nueŋ˦˨ itjieŋ˧.
Avar
/m n/
/p b t d k kː g qː ʔ/
/ts tsː tʃ tʃː tɬː/
/tʼ kʼ kːʼ qːʼ/
/tsʼ tsːʼ tʃʼ tʃːʼ tɬːʼ/
/s sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː x xː χ χː ʜ/
/v z ʒ ʁ ʢ ɦ/
/r l j/
/a e i o u/
noɬ matɬːʼiɬ vixːana, xːalda ɬuqːʼ-ɬuqːʼun
xːurda kver tʃʼvan unev, bida vetsːʼun dun
xːurugi batʼaɬun tseve unago
tso ɬaral raʕalda ʕodov kːolev dun
ɬar tʃvaχːuleb bugo tʃabχil kːʼalaqːan
ɬin kʼantsʼuleb bugo gantʃʼazda tʼasan
tʼaramaʁadiseb qːʼval baleb bugo
qːʼo ɬikʼilan ditsa soʁab ratɬːʼalda
O'odham
/p b t d ɖ tʃ dʒ k g ʔ/
/v ð s ʂ/
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/w ɭ j/
/a ə ɔ i ɨ u/, with three degrees of length: long, short, and extra short
ʔshəːpid ʂuːdagĭ ʔaɲ hɔhɔʔið. Naːnsə ʔəːða, mɔː hək dʒəwəɖ ʔuːð si wəːtʃɔtʃ, maːʂ hək Tadai siskəg ʔuːð ʔuʔuhig. Hək ʔaʔanatʃ tʃ wɔpɔːtʃ si wɔ skəgatʃ tʃ ʔəp si tʃətʃwatʃ. Kuʂ ʔam həbai hai ki g ʔɔʔɔðham ʂam ʔɔʔɔiðam k ʔam ʔupam ðaːða k ʔam tʃəː maːʂ həːkai tʃu hək ha naːða. ʔIːðam ʔɔʔɔðham ʂam ʔəh həːmapa k ʔam aʔaga maːʂ has maːsma vɔ bəi hək naːða ʔab ʔamdʒəɖ hək Tataɲki dʒiɔʂ.
Kazakh
/p b t d (tɕ) k g q ɢ/
/f v s~θ z~ð ʃ ʒ (ɕ x) h/
/m n ŋ/
/r l j w/
-RTR: /æ ɘ ʉ i̯ɘ y̯ʉ/
+RTR: /ɑ ə ʊ u̯ʊ/
bʊrəŋɢə y̯ʉtki̯ɘn zɑmɑndɑ, bɘr dɑnəʃpɑn kɘsɘ, bɑɢdɑt ʃɑhɑrənəŋ bɘr ʉlki̯ɘn qɑzəsənəŋ ʉjɘni̯ɘ ki̯ɘlɘp qu̯ʊnəptə. qɑzəmi̯ɘni̯ɘn sy̯ʉjli̯ɘsɘp, qɑzənə sy̯ʉzgi̯ɘ ʒi̯ɘŋi̯ɘ bi̯ɘrɘptɘ. su̯ʊndɑ qɑzə qu̯ʊrqəp, — "bʊl mɑɢɑn ki̯ɘlgi̯ɘn bɑlɑ — mi̯ɘnɘŋ qɑzələɢəmdə tɑrtəp ɑlsɑ ki̯ɘri̯ɘk! ni̯ɘ di̯ɘ bu̯ʊlsɑ, bʊɢɑn ʒɑlənəp, səj bi̯ɘrɘp, u̯ʊrnəmdɑ qɑlɑjən!“ — di̯ɘp, qɑtənənɑ ɑqəldɑsəptə.
Okinawan
Consonants
/m n ɴ (ŋ̍)/
/p b t d tɕ d͡ʑ kʷ ɡʷ k ɡ ʔ/
/ɸ s (z) (ɕ) (ç) h/
/ɾ j w/
Vowels
/u o/
/uː oː/
/i (ɨ) e a/
/iː eː aː/
Sample:
nindʑinoː taːn n̥maɾijagiːnaː dʑiju jai, mata, duː teːɕitɕi ni umujuɾu tɕimu tu duː mamuɾandiɾu tɕimoː taː jatin junu gutu sadʑakatoːɾu mun jan. nindʑinoː muːtu kaɾa iːkani nu sunawatoːkutu, tageːni tɕoːdeːjandiɾu kangeːsaːni kutuni ataɾandaɾeː naɾan.
Turkmen
/p b t d tʃ dʒ k~q g~ʁ/
/ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ x~h/
/m n ŋ/
/l r j/
/æː a e ø o i y yː ɯ u/
ben ijen bolmalɯ seniŋ køkeleriŋi. øjde Amandan baʃga adam jok. Islendik tema bojuntʃa maglumat gøzlæːp we goʃup bilersiŋiz. jardam sahɯpasɯndan kømek alɯp, Garalamada tedʒribe getʃirip bilersiŋiz.
Albanian
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/p b t d c ɟ k g/
/ts dz tʃ dʒ/
/f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h/
/r ɾ l ɫ j/
/a e ə o i y u/
ati ynə cə je nə cieɫ, u ʃəɲtəɾoftə emɾi yt.
aɾθtə mbɾetəɾia jote; u bəftə dəʃiɾa jote,
si nə cieɫ, eðe mbi ðe.
bukən tonə tə pəɾditəʃme jepna neve sot;
eðe falna fajet tona,
sikundəɾ eðe ne ua falim fajtoɾəvet tanə;
eðe mos na ʃtjeɾə nə ŋasje, po ʃpətona ŋa i ligu;
sepse jotja əʃtə mbɾetəɾia e fucia e lavdia nə jetət tə jetəvet.
Marshallese
/pʲ pˠ tʲ~zʲ tˠ k kʷ/
/mʲ mˠ nʲ ɳˠ ɳʷ ŋ ŋʷ/
/r̪ʲ rˠ rʷ lʲ lˠ lʷ/
/j ɰ w/, mostly theoretical heightless glides to explain the vowel system although /j w/ are realized initially (might not be contrastive?)
/a ɜ ɘ ɨ/ that vary according to the qualities of the surrounding vowels
jɨtʲ jaɡʷɜj lˠakʷ ɰajɘlʲɘŋ jɜw ɰɑɰɤ jɨtʲɜw jaɰarˠ lʷɜtˠak jɜ
mʲɜlˠanʲ kɜ jɛ jɨmʲ jɨjalˠ kɜw jɜ jɨmʲ jɨjajɘw kɜ jɜ
jɨtʲ tʲamʲɨnʲ jɨlʲakʷ tʲanʲɜ pˠɜj jɨtʲɜw tʲɨɡɨ jɜmˠɜwɜlʲ
jɨmʲ ɰaɰɘ lˠajmˠɜrʷanʲ jɨnʲ.r̪ʲɘjɜw ɜmˠmˠanʲ lˠaŋŋɜj jɨnʲaɰatʲ mʲɘtʲ jɜ
Or, if you prefer a phonetic transcription:
itʲ i̯æ͡ɒ.ɡʷɔ͡ɛ lˠɑ͡ɒkʷ ɑ͡æe.lʲe͡ɤŋ ɛ͡ɔ ɑ.ɤ i.zʲɛ͡ɔ i̯æ͡ɑːrˠ lʷɔ͡ʌ.tˠɑk i̯ɛ
mʲɛ͡ʌ.lˠɑ͡ænʲ kʌ͡ɔ i̯ɛ imʲ i.æ͡ɑlˠ kʌ͡ɔ i̯ɛ imʲ i.æ.i̯e͡o kʌ͡ɔ i̯ɛ
itʲ tʲæ.mʲinʲ i.lʲæ͡ɒkʷ tʲæ.nʲɛ pˠʌ͡ɛ i.zʲɛ͡ɔ tʲi͡ɯ.ɡɯ ɛ͡ʌ.mˠʌ͡ɔː͡ɛlʲ
imʲ ɑɤ̯ lˠɑ͡æ.mˠʌ͡ɔ.rʷɒ͡ænʲ inʲ.r̪ʲe.ɛ͡ɔ ɛ͡ʌmˠ.mˠɑ͡ænʲ lˠɑŋ.ŋʌ͡ɛ i.nʲæ͡ɑː͡ætʲ mʲetʲ i̯ɛ
Nuosu
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/m̥ n̥/
/mb nd ndz ndʐ ndʑ ŋg/
/b d dz dʐ dʑ g/
/p t ts tʂ tɕ k/
/pʰ tʰ tsʰ tʂʰ tɕʰ kʰ/
/f s ʂ ɕ x h/
/v z ʐ ʑ ɣ/
/l/
/l̥/
/i ɨ u ə o ɛ ɔ a/ (ɨ = apical vowel / syllabic fricative)
/˥ ˧˨ ˧ ˨˩/
mbo˧ ma˧ mu˧ vɛ˧˨ dʑu˧˨ dʑo˧, ndzɨ˧ du˧ i˧ tɕʰɨ˧˨ dʑɨ˧ ʑɨ˧˨ mu˧ dʑo˧ sa˥. mbo˧ ɣo˧˨ ŋo˨˩ ŋgə˧ si˧ ni˨˩ bo˨˩ hɛ˧ ɲi˧ dʑo˧, di˧˨ a˨˩ bo˨˩ m̥a˨˩ zɨ˥ n̥i˨˩ mo˨˩ mu˧ dʑo˧ tʰa˥ ɕi˧.
Qiang
/p t ts tʂ tɕ k q/
/pʰ tʰ tsʰ tʂʰ tɕʰ kʰ qʰ/
/b d dz dʐ dʑ g/
/ɸ s ʂ ɕ x χ h/
/v z ʐ ʁ ɦ/
/ɬ l/
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/a aː ɑ ɑː e eː ə o oː i iː y yː u uː/
/ia iɑ ie iu ya ye au eu əu ai ei əi oi ua uɑ ue uə ui iau uəi uɑi/ + length contrast (maybe only in diphthongs?)
all vowels and {di|tri}phthongs contrast for r-coloring
Possible initial/final consonant clusters:
ʂ + p t tɕ k q b d g m dʑ
x + tʂ tɕ d dʐ dʑ k s ʂ z ʐ ɬ l
χ + tʂ q d dʐ dʑ s ʂ z ɬ l n ɲ
/ʂ x χ/ all voice before a voiced consonant, /ʂ/ = [s] before /t d/ and [ɕ] before /pi pe bi tɕ dʑ/
(note: where the original text uses <w>, I've used <u> + syllable break. it also has <j> but that can't be /i/ so I'm assuming it's /ɕ/)
qe:˞ ŋuətu tsisatʂu ɕəzi ŋuəkəi.uɑ, tsisatʂu ɕəzi ŋuəkəitu, sa.uleːtɕteːŋuəɲi tɕiuʂə, sa.uleː utɕupuŋuəɲi ʐmətʂi. qe:˞ ŋuətu, ɕuɑnʁuɑi ʂpəktɕi.uɑ, pitɕiŋuəɲi ʐmətʂi ʂpə˞, qe:˞ ŋuətu, ɕuɑnʁuɑi. ɦɑtu satʂuteːtɕtʂileːŋuəɲi tʂi ou ʐikui, ɦɑtu kən lɑntʰɑleː ŋuəkəi.uɑ, lɑnthəleː ŋuəkəitu, ɦɑlɑ mɑːleː.u ɑsməqɑŋuəɲi ɦɑtʰɑ ɲiuŋuəɲi ɑs pɑntɕinu pɑntɕin tətʂʰəɲi ɦɑtsəi deldeɲi ɲiu pɑtʂ deldeɲi ɦɑlɑ, ɲiu pɑtʂ deldeɲi χaiʂə ɦɑlɑŋuəɲi ɦɑlɑ tʂileː lɑntʰəleːŋuəɲi, ɦɑlɑ tʂʰɑqtɑ səʁɲi ɕi topu.ualeː ŋuəkəi, ɕi topuleː ŋuəkəitu, χaiʂə ɦɑlɑ səʁɲi ɕi sətɕɲi nulukəpəkəi, ɦɑtu mɑːleːtɕŋuəɲi χaiʂə ɕiŋuəɲi χaisə ɦɑtsəi pɑntɕin liekəpəkui.uɑ.
Hokkien
Initials: (palatals are allophones of alveolars before /i/)
/pʰ p b tʰ t d tsʰ ts dz~z tɕʰ tɕ dʑ kʰ k g/
/s ɕ h/
/m n ŋ l/
Medials:
/a ã e ẽ ə o õ i ĩ u ũ/
/ai au iau uai/
/ia io iu ua ue ui/
Finals:
/p t k m n ŋ ʔ/
Tones:
˥ ˥˧ ˨˩ ˩+stop ˧˥ ˥˧ ˧ ˥+stop
ɡuan˧˥kʰi˥˧tʰau˧˥ ɕioŋ˧te˧˩ tsʰəŋ˧˩tsə˧ tʰĩ˥ kap˩ tue˧. tue˧ ɕi˧ kʰaŋ˥kʰaŋ˥ hun˧tun˧; tɕʰim˥ian˥ e˧˥ bin˧tɕiũ˧ o˥am˧˩; ɕioŋ˧te˧˩ e˧˥ ɕin˧˥ un˧təŋ˧ ti˧ tsui˥˧bin˧.
Mapudungun
/m n̪ n ɲ ŋ/
/p t̪ t tʃ ʈʂ k (tʼ)/
/f θ s ʃ/
/w ɻ j ɣ~ɰ/
/l̪ l ʎ/
/a e i o u ɨ~ə/
A sample:
Kom pu moŋentʃe kisuθuam məlekej, kom tʃeŋejŋɨn, loŋkoŋejŋɨn ka piwkeŋejŋɨn, niejŋɨn kimɨn fej mew məlej taɲi jamniewael ka epuɲpɨle keʎuwael eŋɨn.
Skolt Sami
/p b t d ts dz tʃ dʒ c ɟ k g/
/f v ð s z ʃ ʒ ʝ x~h ɣ/
/j w l ʎ r/
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/i u/
/e ɘ o/
/ɛ ɐ ɔ/
/a ɑ/
/ie iɘ ue uɘ/
/iɛ iɐ uɛ uɐ uɔ/
/ua/
/eɐ ea/
+ palatalization suprasegmental that affects the whole syllable
niɘð puɘʲt:e domoi tʃeʲvetja:uʲrest
vuɘlɟ:em pɑ:rʲnivuimʲ tse:rkvest
sij mɘʲn:e niɘðta: pɘʲrt:e
sieʲz:est lij kuɘʲht: pɘ:rt
Yeli Dnye
Yeli Dnye
/p pʷ pʲ pʷʲ t tp tʲ t̠ t̠p t̠ʲ k kʷ kʲ kp/ + prenasalized or postnasalized
/m mʷ mʲ mʷʲ n nm n̠ n̠m n̠ʲ ŋ ŋʷ ŋʲ ŋm/
/s/
/β βʲ ɣ/
/w l lʷ lʲ j jʷ/
/æ a ɑ ɛ ə ɔ e o i ɨ u ã ɑ̃ ɛ̃ ə̃ ɔ̃ ĩ ũ/ + length
jɛsu pita u pãː pɛː lɔː, u ŋɔmɔ kɔ̃ː ji kɛː wɔ. pita u mpʷʲe pʲɑː mpiː tət̠ə mot̠u, apə, ŋmɨtet̠pn̠minɔ mu t̠pɨ. jɛsu ŋə koː pũː kəː ji jo, wɔt̠ɔ̃ː ji mpiː ŋə a kuwɔ ŋə, ji pʲopu mə ɣəːt̠ɨ wo, jɛsu ka nte mə jɑ̃ŋɔ. t̠in̠i ɣi n̠ĩː ŋə ntumɔkʷɔt̠ɔ t̠in̠i ɣi ji jo, pi kŋɨ jɔ̃ː jɛsuka mpiː pʲu jilɨ n̪uwɔ ŋopu, nĩː t̠e jɛ̃ ji kpŋməma t̠n̠ʲɛ kʷɔ, u kwɔ, mʲɛ n̪uwɔ̃ tumɔ. jɛsu ji kpŋməna kŋɨ je mpʷɔlɔ, u ŋʷɔ ŋmĩː kalə toː, mpiː pʲu jintomu mʲɛ pʲi tɔː.
Korean
/m n ŋ/
/pʰ p͈ b tʰ t͈ d tɕʰ t͈ɕ dʑ kʰ k͈ g/
/s s͈ h/
/l~r j w/
/a ɛ ʌ e o i ɯ u/
/ja jɛ jʌ je jo ju wa wɛ wʌ we ɥi ɰi/
on taŋɰi guɯmi hanaijo ʌnʌga hanaiʌtʰdʌɾa gɯdɯɾi tʰoŋbaŋɯɾo omgidaga sinaɾ pʰjʌŋdʑiɾɯl manna gagi gʌhagʌ. sʌɾo malhadɥi dʑa bjʌkʰdoɾɯɾ mandɯɾʌ kʰjʌŋohi gumdʑa hago ie bjʌkʰdoɾo doɾɯl dɛsin hamjʌ jʌkʰtɕʰʌŋɯɾo dʑinhɯgɯl dɛsinhago.
Azerbaijani
/p b t d tʃ dʒ c ɟ k g/
/f v s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ h/
/m n l r j/
/æ a e ø o i y ɯ u/
bytyn insanlar hejsijjæt væ haglar baxɯmɯndan dænk bærabær væ ærkin azad doɣularlar. Us ægl væ ujat vidʒdan jijæsidirlər væ bir birlærinæ garʃɯ gardaʃlɯg ruhu ilæ davranmalɯdɯrlar.
Riograndenser Hunsrückisch
/p b t d k g/
/pf ts tʃ dʒ/
/f v s z ʃ ʒ x h/
/m n ŋ/
/l j r/
/a ɑ ɛ ø o~ɔ ɪ i y u/
/ai au ɛɪ eɪ ey øy/
tø sɪn tɪ gansɛ lait uf kɛʃti, hon jɛɪsus pɪs pɪlatos gɛnom un hon ɑn gɛfaŋ ɑn sɛ keɪvɛ un sɑrɛː mɛijɛr hon tø tɛ man ɑn gɛtrof unsɛr folɛk am uf heɪtsɛ. tɛɪ ɪs tɛ kɛɪxɛ ɛm kaisɛr ʃtaijɛr pɛtsɑlɛ un sɑt veɪjɛr tɛ mɛisijas un kɛɪnɪx. tø hot tɛ pɪlatos gɛfrøtː pɪʃt tu tɛ jutɛ sainɛ kɛɪnɪx? ɪs vøyr, hot jɛɪsus gɛantvort. tø hot pɪlatos fɛr tɛ høxɛ pristɛr un tsum folɛk gɛsɑtː ɪx kan kɛɪ ʃult an teɪm man fɪnɛ! avɛr ti hon ɑn gɛhal un hon gɛsɑtː tɛɪ tyt unortnuŋ ɑn rɪxtɛ unɪx ɛm folɛk mɪt sain untrɪxt ɪvɛrɑl ɪn jutɛɪja. ɪn galɪlɛɪja hot ɛr ɑn gɛfaŋ, un jɛɪts ɪs ɛr tø pai uns.
Hanoi Vietnamese
Initials:
/p t̪ʰ t c k kʰ~x/
/ɓ ɗ/
/f v s z ɣ h/
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/l r w/
Medials: (all but u and Vw series can take -w- between initial and medial)
/a aː ɛ ə ɔ e əː o i ɨ u/
/ie~iə ɨə uo~uə/
/aj aːj əj ɔj əːj oj ɨj uj ɨəj uəj/
/aw aːw ɛw əw ew əːw iw ɨw iəw ɨəw/
Finals:
/p t k m n ŋ/
[c ɲ] for /k ŋ/ after /i e/ and [a] which could be either /ai/ or /ɛ/
Tones:
˧ ˨˩ ˧˥ ˧ˀ˨ʔ ˧˩˧ ˧ˀ˥
tʰoj˧ˌ cuŋ˧˥ ta˧ haj˧ˀ˥ʔ suəŋ˧˥ˌ lam˨˩ lon˧ˀ˨ʔ son˧ˀ˨ʔ tieŋ˧˥ nɔj˧˨ kuə˧˩˧ cuŋ˧˥ nɔ˧˥ cɔ˧ hɔ˧ˀ˨ʔ ŋɛ˧ kʰoŋ˧ dɯək˧ˀ˨ʔ tiəŋ˧˥ nɔi˧˥ kuə˧˩˧ ŋɯəj˨˩ naːj˨˩ vəːj˧˥ ŋɯəj˨˩ kiə˧
dGudzong Tibetan
/pʰ p b tʰ t d ʈʰ ʈ ɖ c ɟ kʰ k g ʔ/
/tsʰ ts dz tɕʰ tɕ dʑ/
/ɸ β sʰ s z ʂʰ ʂ ʐ ɕʰ ɕ ʑ xʰ x ɣ h ɦ/
/m̥ m n̥ n ȵ̊ ȵ ŋ̊ ŋ/
/l̥ l r j w/
/ʰp ʰt ʰʈ ʰc ʰk ʰts ʰtɕ/
/ʰsʰ ʰs ʰɕʰ ʰɕ ʰx ʰl̥/
/ʱb ʱd ʱɖ ʱɟ ʱg ʱdz ʱdʑ/
/ʱz ʱʐ ʱʑ/
/ʱm ʱn ʱȵ ʱŋ ʱl ʱr ʱj/
/ᵐb ⁿd ⁿɖ ⁿg ⁿdz ⁿdʑ ⁿɣ/
/ᵐpʰ ⁿtʰ ⁿʈʰ ⁿkʰ ⁿtsʰ ⁿtɕʰ ⁿxʰ ⁿsʰ ⁿɕʰ ⁿl̥/
/ᵐg ᵐtsʰ/
/ᵖt ᵖʈ ᵖʈʰ ᵖk ᵖts ᵖtsʰ ᵖtɕ/
/ᶲt ᶲʈ ᶲtɕ ᶲs ᶲl̥/
/ʷɖ ʷg ʷdʑ ʷʐ ʷn ʷl/
/ˀm ˀn ˀj/
/a ɑ ɛ ɔ e ɵ ə o i ʉ ɯ u/
All vowels but /ɵ ʉ/ can occur nasalized. Length is contrastive.
Syllable structure: C{j w}V{j w}(ʔ)
Four tones, operating on word level: ¯: high level [55/44] ´: rising [24/35] ^: rising-falling [132] `: falling [53/42]
¯ɕʰi kә ˆpʰә ro ´lәwʔ ʰpɯ `ᶲsɯ ⁿkʰor ´me ʑɑ̃ tɕu ɦo `ᵖtsʰә ʱdʑәʔ ´ʱdʑiː bo ¯ʰtɕiː ˆtɕʰә ɣi ´ɖuː ⁿɕʰɑ̃ ´miː sʰiː ¯ⁿtsʰɯwʔ ʱdʑәʔ ¯ʰʈeː lʉ ɦөʔ ¯ʰsʰә
/pʰ p pˡʰ pˡ tʰ t ʈʰ t cʰ c kʰ k qʰ q ʔ/
/ᵐpʰ ᵐb ᵐpˡʰ ᵐbˡ ⁿtʰ ⁿd ᶯʈʰ ᶯɖ ᶮcʰ ᶮɟ ᵑkʰ ᵑɡ ᶰqʰ ᶰɢ/
/tsʰ ts tʂʰ tʂ/
/ⁿtsʰ ⁿdz ⁿtʂʰ ⁿdʐ/
/f v s ɬ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ h/
/m̥ m m̥ˡ mˡ n̥ n ɲ̥ ɲ/
/a e ẽ~ʌŋ ɔ ɔ̃~oŋ i ɨ u/
/ai aɨ au iə uə/
Tones: high, mid, low, high falling, mid rising, low creaky, mid-falling breathy (pɔ́ pɔ pɔ̀ pɔ̂ pɔ̌ pɔ̰̀ pɔ̤̂)
Low creaky tone is realized phrase-finally as a long low rising tone.
Example: tʰa̰u˩ tsɔ̤˧˩ pe˥ ca̤u˧˩ la̰ɨ˩ saɨ˧˦ daɨ˩ tʰiə˥˧ tau˧ n̥a˧˦ kʰau˥ ᶮcaɨ˩ tʂʰi̤ə˧˩. ʝa̰˩ ʐɔ̃˧ tʂʰa˥˧ pˡaɨ˩ ma˩, ne˥˧ ʝuə˧˦ tʂṵ˩ mu˩ ᶯʈʰiə˧˦ nṳ˧˩ çuə˩ sai˥ lṳə˧˩ muə˥˧ ke˧˦ pa˥ hɔ̰˩ da˥ tʂi˧ ɲo˥ ᶮɟi̤˧˩ i˥ cʰẽ˥ tʂa̰˩ ⁿda̰ɨ˩ ne˥˧.
Akhvakh
/p pʼ b t tʼ d k kː kʼ kʼː g ʔ/
/m n/
/t͜s t͜sː t͜sʼ t͜sʼː t͜ʃ t͜ʃː t͜ʃʼ t͜ʃʼː d͜ʒ t͜ɬ t͜ɬː t͜ɬʼ t͜ɬʼː q͡χ q͡χː q͡χʼ q͡χʼː/
/v s sː z ʃ ʃː ʒ ɬ ɬː ç x xː ɣ ħ ʕ h/
/r/
/l j/
/ħ ʕ/ may actually be /ʜ ʢ/, or allophones, or something. The article notes a reliance on older sources and mentions this uncertainty.
/a aː e eː i iː o oː u uː/
Example sentences:
jaʃe q͡χ'ːeɬːa jete jiːni
ak'ːode riɬ'ːi biʒe q͡χ'ːeːni
Seri
/p t k kʷ ʔ/
/ɸ s ɬ ʃ x xʷ χ χʷ/
/m n/
/j/
/l ɾ/ (only in loanwords)
/ɛ ɛː ɑ ɑː i iː o oː/
* /m/ is realized as [w̃] + nasalization of the following vowel after velar stops.
* Non-rounded vowels are realized as diphthongs [ɛo̯ ɑo̯ iu̯] before rounded consonants.
* Stress is contrastive. Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a root. The sample text only marks stress when it's not on the first syllable of the word.
Sample text:
oχ iˈpɑktɑ iti, ʃɑːx pɑk ʔɑkiχ tɑʔkɑ mɑ, kʷsiːɸp tɑ mɑ, ʔɑpχɑ ʃo tok kopom iʔo χ, tok kʷpoːp iʔo, oχ χɑʔ ʃo ʔɑiː ʔɑ. ʔɑpχɑ tikom oːt kop iˈtɑʔo, ʔɑɬχ itiˈχiːm, ʔɑɬχ iːx kʷkɑ ʔiː, ʔɑχ tɑˈʔiː ʔɑχ tɑː mɑ, ʃiːχ kiʔ iti kʷpoˈpɑktɑ tɑ, ʃiːχ kiʔ iti kʷisʃɑχʷ ʔɑ ʃo kʷiˈsiːʔkɑ ʔɑ, ʃ iˈpɑktɑ ʃ iˈmɑ, ʔɑχ tɑˈʔiː ʔɑχ mɑː χo ʃɑːx kiʔ iːʃk kiʔ koˈɬɛːkp koːm kom iti tinoɬ, koˈɬɛːki iˈtɛːtoɬ, tok kʷtɑp, jokɛ.
Zhuang
/pʲ p t kʲ k kʷ/
/ɓ ɗ/
/β f θ ɕ ɣ h/
/mʲ m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ/
/l j/
/a aː e o oː i ɯ u/
Tones: ˨˦ ˧˩ ˥ ˦˨ ˧˥ ˧
poːu˦˨poːu˦˨ maː˨˦ taŋ˧˩ laː˥ɓɯn˨˦ ɕoːu˧ mi˧˩ ɕɯ˨˦joːu˧˩, ɕin˧jen˧˩ ɕau˧˥ ken˧˩li˨˦ poːu˦˨poːu˦˨ piŋ˧˩taŋ˥. kʲoŋ˧˥ βun˧˩ mi˧˩ li˥θiŋ˨˦ ɕau˧˥ lieŋ˧˩θim˨˦, ɯŋ˨˦taːŋ˨˦ taːi˧ kʲoŋ˧˥ te˨˦ lum˥ pei˦˨nueŋ˦˨ itjieŋ˧.
Avar
/m n/
/p b t d k kː g qː ʔ/
/ts tsː tʃ tʃː tɬː/
/tʼ kʼ kːʼ qːʼ/
/tsʼ tsːʼ tʃʼ tʃːʼ tɬːʼ/
/s sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː x xː χ χː ʜ/
/v z ʒ ʁ ʢ ɦ/
/r l j/
/a e i o u/
noɬ matɬːʼiɬ vixːana, xːalda ɬuqːʼ-ɬuqːʼun
xːurda kver tʃʼvan unev, bida vetsːʼun dun
xːurugi batʼaɬun tseve unago
tso ɬaral raʕalda ʕodov kːolev dun
ɬar tʃvaχːuleb bugo tʃabχil kːʼalaqːan
ɬin kʼantsʼuleb bugo gantʃʼazda tʼasan
tʼaramaʁadiseb qːʼval baleb bugo
qːʼo ɬikʼilan ditsa soʁab ratɬːʼalda
O'odham
/p b t d ɖ tʃ dʒ k g ʔ/
/v ð s ʂ/
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/w ɭ j/
/a ə ɔ i ɨ u/, with three degrees of length: long, short, and extra short
ʔshəːpid ʂuːdagĭ ʔaɲ hɔhɔʔið. Naːnsə ʔəːða, mɔː hək dʒəwəɖ ʔuːð si wəːtʃɔtʃ, maːʂ hək Tadai siskəg ʔuːð ʔuʔuhig. Hək ʔaʔanatʃ tʃ wɔpɔːtʃ si wɔ skəgatʃ tʃ ʔəp si tʃətʃwatʃ. Kuʂ ʔam həbai hai ki g ʔɔʔɔðham ʂam ʔɔʔɔiðam k ʔam ʔupam ðaːða k ʔam tʃəː maːʂ həːkai tʃu hək ha naːða. ʔIːðam ʔɔʔɔðham ʂam ʔəh həːmapa k ʔam aʔaga maːʂ has maːsma vɔ bəi hək naːða ʔab ʔamdʒəɖ hək Tataɲki dʒiɔʂ.
Kazakh
/p b t d (tɕ) k g q ɢ/
/f v s~θ z~ð ʃ ʒ (ɕ x) h/
/m n ŋ/
/r l j w/
-RTR: /æ ɘ ʉ i̯ɘ y̯ʉ/
+RTR: /ɑ ə ʊ u̯ʊ/
bʊrəŋɢə y̯ʉtki̯ɘn zɑmɑndɑ, bɘr dɑnəʃpɑn kɘsɘ, bɑɢdɑt ʃɑhɑrənəŋ bɘr ʉlki̯ɘn qɑzəsənəŋ ʉjɘni̯ɘ ki̯ɘlɘp qu̯ʊnəptə. qɑzəmi̯ɘni̯ɘn sy̯ʉjli̯ɘsɘp, qɑzənə sy̯ʉzgi̯ɘ ʒi̯ɘŋi̯ɘ bi̯ɘrɘptɘ. su̯ʊndɑ qɑzə qu̯ʊrqəp, — "bʊl mɑɢɑn ki̯ɘlgi̯ɘn bɑlɑ — mi̯ɘnɘŋ qɑzələɢəmdə tɑrtəp ɑlsɑ ki̯ɘri̯ɘk! ni̯ɘ di̯ɘ bu̯ʊlsɑ, bʊɢɑn ʒɑlənəp, səj bi̯ɘrɘp, u̯ʊrnəmdɑ qɑlɑjən!“ — di̯ɘp, qɑtənənɑ ɑqəldɑsəptə.
Okinawan
Consonants
/m n ɴ (ŋ̍)/
/p b t d tɕ d͡ʑ kʷ ɡʷ k ɡ ʔ/
/ɸ s (z) (ɕ) (ç) h/
/ɾ j w/
Vowels
/u o/
/uː oː/
/i (ɨ) e a/
/iː eː aː/
Sample:
nindʑinoː taːn n̥maɾijagiːnaː dʑiju jai, mata, duː teːɕitɕi ni umujuɾu tɕimu tu duː mamuɾandiɾu tɕimoː taː jatin junu gutu sadʑakatoːɾu mun jan. nindʑinoː muːtu kaɾa iːkani nu sunawatoːkutu, tageːni tɕoːdeːjandiɾu kangeːsaːni kutuni ataɾandaɾeː naɾan.
Turkmen
/p b t d tʃ dʒ k~q g~ʁ/
/ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ x~h/
/m n ŋ/
/l r j/
/æː a e ø o i y yː ɯ u/
ben ijen bolmalɯ seniŋ køkeleriŋi. øjde Amandan baʃga adam jok. Islendik tema bojuntʃa maglumat gøzlæːp we goʃup bilersiŋiz. jardam sahɯpasɯndan kømek alɯp, Garalamada tedʒribe getʃirip bilersiŋiz.
Albanian
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/p b t d c ɟ k g/
/ts dz tʃ dʒ/
/f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h/
/r ɾ l ɫ j/
/a e ə o i y u/
ati ynə cə je nə cieɫ, u ʃəɲtəɾoftə emɾi yt.
aɾθtə mbɾetəɾia jote; u bəftə dəʃiɾa jote,
si nə cieɫ, eðe mbi ðe.
bukən tonə tə pəɾditəʃme jepna neve sot;
eðe falna fajet tona,
sikundəɾ eðe ne ua falim fajtoɾəvet tanə;
eðe mos na ʃtjeɾə nə ŋasje, po ʃpətona ŋa i ligu;
sepse jotja əʃtə mbɾetəɾia e fucia e lavdia nə jetət tə jetəvet.
Marshallese
/pʲ pˠ tʲ~zʲ tˠ k kʷ/
/mʲ mˠ nʲ ɳˠ ɳʷ ŋ ŋʷ/
/r̪ʲ rˠ rʷ lʲ lˠ lʷ/
/j ɰ w/, mostly theoretical heightless glides to explain the vowel system although /j w/ are realized initially (might not be contrastive?)
/a ɜ ɘ ɨ/ that vary according to the qualities of the surrounding vowels
jɨtʲ jaɡʷɜj lˠakʷ ɰajɘlʲɘŋ jɜw ɰɑɰɤ jɨtʲɜw jaɰarˠ lʷɜtˠak jɜ
mʲɜlˠanʲ kɜ jɛ jɨmʲ jɨjalˠ kɜw jɜ jɨmʲ jɨjajɘw kɜ jɜ
jɨtʲ tʲamʲɨnʲ jɨlʲakʷ tʲanʲɜ pˠɜj jɨtʲɜw tʲɨɡɨ jɜmˠɜwɜlʲ
jɨmʲ ɰaɰɘ lˠajmˠɜrʷanʲ jɨnʲ.r̪ʲɘjɜw ɜmˠmˠanʲ lˠaŋŋɜj jɨnʲaɰatʲ mʲɘtʲ jɜ
Or, if you prefer a phonetic transcription:
itʲ i̯æ͡ɒ.ɡʷɔ͡ɛ lˠɑ͡ɒkʷ ɑ͡æe.lʲe͡ɤŋ ɛ͡ɔ ɑ.ɤ i.zʲɛ͡ɔ i̯æ͡ɑːrˠ lʷɔ͡ʌ.tˠɑk i̯ɛ
mʲɛ͡ʌ.lˠɑ͡ænʲ kʌ͡ɔ i̯ɛ imʲ i.æ͡ɑlˠ kʌ͡ɔ i̯ɛ imʲ i.æ.i̯e͡o kʌ͡ɔ i̯ɛ
itʲ tʲæ.mʲinʲ i.lʲæ͡ɒkʷ tʲæ.nʲɛ pˠʌ͡ɛ i.zʲɛ͡ɔ tʲi͡ɯ.ɡɯ ɛ͡ʌ.mˠʌ͡ɔː͡ɛlʲ
imʲ ɑɤ̯ lˠɑ͡æ.mˠʌ͡ɔ.rʷɒ͡ænʲ inʲ.r̪ʲe.ɛ͡ɔ ɛ͡ʌmˠ.mˠɑ͡ænʲ lˠɑŋ.ŋʌ͡ɛ i.nʲæ͡ɑː͡ætʲ mʲetʲ i̯ɛ
Nuosu
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/m̥ n̥/
/mb nd ndz ndʐ ndʑ ŋg/
/b d dz dʐ dʑ g/
/p t ts tʂ tɕ k/
/pʰ tʰ tsʰ tʂʰ tɕʰ kʰ/
/f s ʂ ɕ x h/
/v z ʐ ʑ ɣ/
/l/
/l̥/
/i ɨ u ə o ɛ ɔ a/ (ɨ = apical vowel / syllabic fricative)
/˥ ˧˨ ˧ ˨˩/
mbo˧ ma˧ mu˧ vɛ˧˨ dʑu˧˨ dʑo˧, ndzɨ˧ du˧ i˧ tɕʰɨ˧˨ dʑɨ˧ ʑɨ˧˨ mu˧ dʑo˧ sa˥. mbo˧ ɣo˧˨ ŋo˨˩ ŋgə˧ si˧ ni˨˩ bo˨˩ hɛ˧ ɲi˧ dʑo˧, di˧˨ a˨˩ bo˨˩ m̥a˨˩ zɨ˥ n̥i˨˩ mo˨˩ mu˧ dʑo˧ tʰa˥ ɕi˧.
Qiang
/p t ts tʂ tɕ k q/
/pʰ tʰ tsʰ tʂʰ tɕʰ kʰ qʰ/
/b d dz dʐ dʑ g/
/ɸ s ʂ ɕ x χ h/
/v z ʐ ʁ ɦ/
/ɬ l/
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/a aː ɑ ɑː e eː ə o oː i iː y yː u uː/
/ia iɑ ie iu ya ye au eu əu ai ei əi oi ua uɑ ue uə ui iau uəi uɑi/ + length contrast (maybe only in diphthongs?)
all vowels and {di|tri}phthongs contrast for r-coloring
Possible initial/final consonant clusters:
ʂ + p t tɕ k q b d g m dʑ
x + tʂ tɕ d dʐ dʑ k s ʂ z ʐ ɬ l
χ + tʂ q d dʐ dʑ s ʂ z ɬ l n ɲ
/ʂ x χ/ all voice before a voiced consonant, /ʂ/ = [s] before /t d/ and [ɕ] before /pi pe bi tɕ dʑ/
(note: where the original text uses <w>, I've used <u> + syllable break. it also has <j> but that can't be /i/ so I'm assuming it's /ɕ/)
qe:˞ ŋuətu tsisatʂu ɕəzi ŋuəkəi.uɑ, tsisatʂu ɕəzi ŋuəkəitu, sa.uleːtɕteːŋuəɲi tɕiuʂə, sa.uleː utɕupuŋuəɲi ʐmətʂi. qe:˞ ŋuətu, ɕuɑnʁuɑi ʂpəktɕi.uɑ, pitɕiŋuəɲi ʐmətʂi ʂpə˞, qe:˞ ŋuətu, ɕuɑnʁuɑi. ɦɑtu satʂuteːtɕtʂileːŋuəɲi tʂi ou ʐikui, ɦɑtu kən lɑntʰɑleː ŋuəkəi.uɑ, lɑnthəleː ŋuəkəitu, ɦɑlɑ mɑːleː.u ɑsməqɑŋuəɲi ɦɑtʰɑ ɲiuŋuəɲi ɑs pɑntɕinu pɑntɕin tətʂʰəɲi ɦɑtsəi deldeɲi ɲiu pɑtʂ deldeɲi ɦɑlɑ, ɲiu pɑtʂ deldeɲi χaiʂə ɦɑlɑŋuəɲi ɦɑlɑ tʂileː lɑntʰəleːŋuəɲi, ɦɑlɑ tʂʰɑqtɑ səʁɲi ɕi topu.ualeː ŋuəkəi, ɕi topuleː ŋuəkəitu, χaiʂə ɦɑlɑ səʁɲi ɕi sətɕɲi nulukəpəkəi, ɦɑtu mɑːleːtɕŋuəɲi χaiʂə ɕiŋuəɲi χaisə ɦɑtsəi pɑntɕin liekəpəkui.uɑ.
Hokkien
Initials: (palatals are allophones of alveolars before /i/)
/pʰ p b tʰ t d tsʰ ts dz~z tɕʰ tɕ dʑ kʰ k g/
/s ɕ h/
/m n ŋ l/
Medials:
/a ã e ẽ ə o õ i ĩ u ũ/
/ai au iau uai/
/ia io iu ua ue ui/
Finals:
/p t k m n ŋ ʔ/
Tones:
˥ ˥˧ ˨˩ ˩+stop ˧˥ ˥˧ ˧ ˥+stop
ɡuan˧˥kʰi˥˧tʰau˧˥ ɕioŋ˧te˧˩ tsʰəŋ˧˩tsə˧ tʰĩ˥ kap˩ tue˧. tue˧ ɕi˧ kʰaŋ˥kʰaŋ˥ hun˧tun˧; tɕʰim˥ian˥ e˧˥ bin˧tɕiũ˧ o˥am˧˩; ɕioŋ˧te˧˩ e˧˥ ɕin˧˥ un˧təŋ˧ ti˧ tsui˥˧bin˧.
Mapudungun
/m n̪ n ɲ ŋ/
/p t̪ t tʃ ʈʂ k (tʼ)/
/f θ s ʃ/
/w ɻ j ɣ~ɰ/
/l̪ l ʎ/
/a e i o u ɨ~ə/
A sample:
Kom pu moŋentʃe kisuθuam məlekej, kom tʃeŋejŋɨn, loŋkoŋejŋɨn ka piwkeŋejŋɨn, niejŋɨn kimɨn fej mew məlej taɲi jamniewael ka epuɲpɨle keʎuwael eŋɨn.
Skolt Sami
/p b t d ts dz tʃ dʒ c ɟ k g/
/f v ð s z ʃ ʒ ʝ x~h ɣ/
/j w l ʎ r/
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/i u/
/e ɘ o/
/ɛ ɐ ɔ/
/a ɑ/
/ie iɘ ue uɘ/
/iɛ iɐ uɛ uɐ uɔ/
/ua/
/eɐ ea/
+ palatalization suprasegmental that affects the whole syllable
niɘð puɘʲt:e domoi tʃeʲvetja:uʲrest
vuɘlɟ:em pɑ:rʲnivuimʲ tse:rkvest
sij mɘʲn:e niɘðta: pɘʲrt:e
sieʲz:est lij kuɘʲht: pɘ:rt
Yeli Dnye
Yeli Dnye
/p pʷ pʲ pʷʲ t tp tʲ t̠ t̠p t̠ʲ k kʷ kʲ kp/ + prenasalized or postnasalized
/m mʷ mʲ mʷʲ n nm n̠ n̠m n̠ʲ ŋ ŋʷ ŋʲ ŋm/
/s/
/β βʲ ɣ/
/w l lʷ lʲ j jʷ/
/æ a ɑ ɛ ə ɔ e o i ɨ u ã ɑ̃ ɛ̃ ə̃ ɔ̃ ĩ ũ/ + length
jɛsu pita u pãː pɛː lɔː, u ŋɔmɔ kɔ̃ː ji kɛː wɔ. pita u mpʷʲe pʲɑː mpiː tət̠ə mot̠u, apə, ŋmɨtet̠pn̠minɔ mu t̠pɨ. jɛsu ŋə koː pũː kəː ji jo, wɔt̠ɔ̃ː ji mpiː ŋə a kuwɔ ŋə, ji pʲopu mə ɣəːt̠ɨ wo, jɛsu ka nte mə jɑ̃ŋɔ. t̠in̠i ɣi n̠ĩː ŋə ntumɔkʷɔt̠ɔ t̠in̠i ɣi ji jo, pi kŋɨ jɔ̃ː jɛsuka mpiː pʲu jilɨ n̪uwɔ ŋopu, nĩː t̠e jɛ̃ ji kpŋməma t̠n̠ʲɛ kʷɔ, u kwɔ, mʲɛ n̪uwɔ̃ tumɔ. jɛsu ji kpŋməna kŋɨ je mpʷɔlɔ, u ŋʷɔ ŋmĩː kalə toː, mpiː pʲu jintomu mʲɛ pʲi tɔː.
Korean
/m n ŋ/
/pʰ p͈ b tʰ t͈ d tɕʰ t͈ɕ dʑ kʰ k͈ g/
/s s͈ h/
/l~r j w/
/a ɛ ʌ e o i ɯ u/
/ja jɛ jʌ je jo ju wa wɛ wʌ we ɥi ɰi/
on taŋɰi guɯmi hanaijo ʌnʌga hanaiʌtʰdʌɾa gɯdɯɾi tʰoŋbaŋɯɾo omgidaga sinaɾ pʰjʌŋdʑiɾɯl manna gagi gʌhagʌ. sʌɾo malhadɥi dʑa bjʌkʰdoɾɯɾ mandɯɾʌ kʰjʌŋohi gumdʑa hago ie bjʌkʰdoɾo doɾɯl dɛsin hamjʌ jʌkʰtɕʰʌŋɯɾo dʑinhɯgɯl dɛsinhago.
Azerbaijani
/p b t d tʃ dʒ c ɟ k g/
/f v s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ h/
/m n l r j/
/æ a e ø o i y ɯ u/
bytyn insanlar hejsijjæt væ haglar baxɯmɯndan dænk bærabær væ ærkin azad doɣularlar. Us ægl væ ujat vidʒdan jijæsidirlər væ bir birlærinæ garʃɯ gardaʃlɯg ruhu ilæ davranmalɯdɯrlar.
Riograndenser Hunsrückisch
/p b t d k g/
/pf ts tʃ dʒ/
/f v s z ʃ ʒ x h/
/m n ŋ/
/l j r/
/a ɑ ɛ ø o~ɔ ɪ i y u/
/ai au ɛɪ eɪ ey øy/
tø sɪn tɪ gansɛ lait uf kɛʃti, hon jɛɪsus pɪs pɪlatos gɛnom un hon ɑn gɛfaŋ ɑn sɛ keɪvɛ un sɑrɛː mɛijɛr hon tø tɛ man ɑn gɛtrof unsɛr folɛk am uf heɪtsɛ. tɛɪ ɪs tɛ kɛɪxɛ ɛm kaisɛr ʃtaijɛr pɛtsɑlɛ un sɑt veɪjɛr tɛ mɛisijas un kɛɪnɪx. tø hot tɛ pɪlatos gɛfrøtː pɪʃt tu tɛ jutɛ sainɛ kɛɪnɪx? ɪs vøyr, hot jɛɪsus gɛantvort. tø hot pɪlatos fɛr tɛ høxɛ pristɛr un tsum folɛk gɛsɑtː ɪx kan kɛɪ ʃult an teɪm man fɪnɛ! avɛr ti hon ɑn gɛhal un hon gɛsɑtː tɛɪ tyt unortnuŋ ɑn rɪxtɛ unɪx ɛm folɛk mɪt sain untrɪxt ɪvɛrɑl ɪn jutɛɪja. ɪn galɪlɛɪja hot ɛr ɑn gɛfaŋ, un jɛɪts ɪs ɛr tø pai uns.
Hanoi Vietnamese
Initials:
/p t̪ʰ t c k kʰ~x/
/ɓ ɗ/
/f v s z ɣ h/
/m n ɲ ŋ/
/l r w/
Medials: (all but u and Vw series can take -w- between initial and medial)
/a aː ɛ ə ɔ e əː o i ɨ u/
/ie~iə ɨə uo~uə/
/aj aːj əj ɔj əːj oj ɨj uj ɨəj uəj/
/aw aːw ɛw əw ew əːw iw ɨw iəw ɨəw/
Finals:
/p t k m n ŋ/
[c ɲ] for /k ŋ/ after /i e/ and [a] which could be either /ai/ or /ɛ/
Tones:
˧ ˨˩ ˧˥ ˧ˀ˨ʔ ˧˩˧ ˧ˀ˥
tʰoj˧ˌ cuŋ˧˥ ta˧ haj˧ˀ˥ʔ suəŋ˧˥ˌ lam˨˩ lon˧ˀ˨ʔ son˧ˀ˨ʔ tieŋ˧˥ nɔj˧˨ kuə˧˩˧ cuŋ˧˥ nɔ˧˥ cɔ˧ hɔ˧ˀ˨ʔ ŋɛ˧ kʰoŋ˧ dɯək˧ˀ˨ʔ tiəŋ˧˥ nɔi˧˥ kuə˧˩˧ ŋɯəj˨˩ naːj˨˩ vəːj˧˥ ŋɯəj˨˩ kiə˧
dGudzong Tibetan
/pʰ p b tʰ t d ʈʰ ʈ ɖ c ɟ kʰ k g ʔ/
/tsʰ ts dz tɕʰ tɕ dʑ/
/ɸ β sʰ s z ʂʰ ʂ ʐ ɕʰ ɕ ʑ xʰ x ɣ h ɦ/
/m̥ m n̥ n ȵ̊ ȵ ŋ̊ ŋ/
/l̥ l r j w/
/ʰp ʰt ʰʈ ʰc ʰk ʰts ʰtɕ/
/ʰsʰ ʰs ʰɕʰ ʰɕ ʰx ʰl̥/
/ʱb ʱd ʱɖ ʱɟ ʱg ʱdz ʱdʑ/
/ʱz ʱʐ ʱʑ/
/ʱm ʱn ʱȵ ʱŋ ʱl ʱr ʱj/
/ᵐb ⁿd ⁿɖ ⁿg ⁿdz ⁿdʑ ⁿɣ/
/ᵐpʰ ⁿtʰ ⁿʈʰ ⁿkʰ ⁿtsʰ ⁿtɕʰ ⁿxʰ ⁿsʰ ⁿɕʰ ⁿl̥/
/ᵐg ᵐtsʰ/
/ᵖt ᵖʈ ᵖʈʰ ᵖk ᵖts ᵖtsʰ ᵖtɕ/
/ᶲt ᶲʈ ᶲtɕ ᶲs ᶲl̥/
/ʷɖ ʷg ʷdʑ ʷʐ ʷn ʷl/
/ˀm ˀn ˀj/
/a ɑ ɛ ɔ e ɵ ə o i ʉ ɯ u/
All vowels but /ɵ ʉ/ can occur nasalized. Length is contrastive.
Syllable structure: C{j w}V{j w}(ʔ)
Four tones, operating on word level: ¯: high level [55/44] ´: rising [24/35] ^: rising-falling [132] `: falling [53/42]
¯ɕʰi kә ˆpʰә ro ´lәwʔ ʰpɯ `ᶲsɯ ⁿkʰor ´me ʑɑ̃ tɕu ɦo `ᵖtsʰә ʱdʑәʔ ´ʱdʑiː bo ¯ʰtɕiː ˆtɕʰә ɣi ´ɖuː ⁿɕʰɑ̃ ´miː sʰiː ¯ⁿtsʰɯwʔ ʱdʑәʔ ¯ʰʈeː lʉ ɦөʔ ¯ʰsʰә
/p pʷ ᵐb t ⁿd k kʷ ⁿʥ ᵑɡ ᵑɡʷ/
/m mʷ n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ/
/r/
/β s/
/w l j/
/i ɨ u e ə o ɑ/
Velar stops are labialized before /u/.
/ⁿdɨkɲɨɲᵐbə ⁿdɨrɨt kɑpuk kutⁿdɨŋʷurɨn || nɑte wəⁿdɨkə ⁿde ᵑɡu tuwe wukŋəsɨkɨrɨkŋɨk || wukŋəsɨkɨrɨkⁿdəkə ⁿdɨ ⁿderɨt wək | ləs mɨ tuwe kure je ᵑɡunɨ jɑ sɨrəkᵑɡʷə ᵐbəpəⁿdukɨ kʷəjɨkɨ jo || wəᵑɡə wəⁿdɨkə ⁿde tuwe kure jɨk || kure jɨⁿdəkə ⁿdɨ jɑ sɨrəkᵑɡʷə ᵐbəpəⁿdu ⁿdɨ wəni ᵑɡu kəkŋʷuk || wəni kulɨ ᵑɡu wəin ᵑɡu ⁿdɨ jək || kəkŋʷute wəni wəin ᵑɡukɨ kutⁿdɨŋmərɨk jəⁿdɨkə ⁿde ⁿʥɨᵐbɑ jəkʷə ⁿdu ⁿde kutⁿdɨŋɨk wəni ᵑɡukɨ ||/Okinawan:
